Network assisted connection

ABSTRACT

Wireless communications are described for network assisted connection. A wireless device may send an indication of a multi-access packet data unit (PDU) session capability. A computing device may send (e.g., based on the indication) an indication to the wireless device to modify a single-access PDU session to a multi-access PDU session.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.62/787,843, titled “Network Initiated Multi-Access Packet Data SessionUpdate” and filed on Jan. 3, 2019. The above-referenced application ishereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Wireless devices may connect to base stations through networkconnections. Wireless devices may communicate with one or more basestations and/or other devices using different access technologies.

SUMMARY

The following summary presents a simplified summary of certain features.The summary is not an extensive overview and is not intended to identifykey or critical elements.

A wireless device may include radio capability information as part of aregistration procedure, for example, to indicate multi-access packetdata unit (PDU) session capability. A core network may delayestablishing, with the wireless device, the multi-access PDU session,for example, until after establishing a single-access PDU session. Thewireless device may receive a session modification command to request tothe wireless device to change the single-access PDU session to amulti-access PDU session. The wireless device may send a response, forexample, indicating a determination of whether the wireless device iswithin the coverage and/or in the coverage area of a second accessnetwork.

These and other features and advantages are described in greater detailbelow.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Some features are shown by way of example, and not by limitation, in theaccompanying drawings. In the drawings, like numerals reference similarelements.

FIG. 1 shows an example 5G system architecture.

FIG. 2 shows an example 5G system.

FIG. 3 shows an example of a wireless device and one or more basestations.

FIG. 4A shows an example of one or more network nodes.

FIG. 4B shows an example elements of computing devices that may be usedto implement any of the various devices described herein.

FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B show example registration management statetransitions for a wireless device and an access and mobility managementfunction (AMF).

FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B show example connection management state transitionsfor a wireless device and an AMF.

FIG. 7 shows an examples for classification and marking traffic.

FIG. 8 shows examples of registration procedures.

FIG. 9 shows a continuation of the example call flow for an initialregistration procedure.

FIG. 10 shows an example call flow for a service request procedure.

FIG. 11 shows an example call flow for a service request procedure.

FIG. 12 shows an example of a PDU session establishment procedure.

FIG. 13 shows an example PDU session establishment procedure.

FIG. 14A and FIG. 14B show example network connectivity associated withmodifying PDU sessions.

FIG. 15A and FIG. 15B show example network connectivity associated withmodifying PDU sessions.

FIG. 16 shows an example call flow associated with modifying PDUsessions.

FIG. 17 shows an example call flow associated with modifying PDUsessions.

FIG. 18 shows example rules for access traffic steering, switching,and/or splitting.

FIG. 19 shows an example method for modification of PDU sessions.

FIG. 20 shows an example method for modification of PDU sessions.

FIG. 21 shows an example method for modification of PDU sessions.

FIG. 22 shows an example method for processing at a wireless device formodification of PDU sessions.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, show examples ofthe disclosure. It is to be understood that the examples shown in thedrawings and/or discussed herein are non-exclusive and that there areother examples of how the disclosure may be practiced.

Examples of enhanced features and functionalities in networks, such as4G networks, 5G networks, or other networks or systems are described.More particularly, the technology herein may relate to a core network(e.g., 5GC), a 5G network, 4G, and/or other systems. The communicationsystems may comprise any quantity and/or type of devices, such as, forexample, computing devices, wireless devices, base stations, networkdevices, mobile devices, handsets, tablets, laptops, internet of things(IoT) devices, hotspots, cellular repeaters, computing devices, and/or,more generally, user equipment (e.g., UE). Although one or more of theabove types of devices may be referenced herein (e.g., UE, wirelessdevice, computing device, etc.), it should be understood that any deviceherein may comprise any one or more of the above types of devices orsimilar devices.

The following acronyms are used throughout the present disclosure,provided below for convenience although other acronyms may be introducedin the detailed description.

5G 5th generation mobile networks

5GC 5G Core Network

5GS 5G System

5G-AN 5G Access Network

5QI 5G QoS Indicator

ACK Acknowledgement

AF Application Function

AMF Access and Mobility Management Function

AN Access Network

CDR Charging Data Record

CCNF Common Control Network Functions

CIoT Cellular IoT

CN Core Network

CP Control Plane

DDN Downlink Data Notification

DL Downlink

DN Data Network

DNN Data Network Name

DRX Discontinuous Reception

F-TEID Fully Qualified TEID

gNB next generation Node B

GPSI Generic Public Subscription Identifier

GTP GPRS Tunneling Protocol

GUTI Globally Unique Temporary Identifier

HPLMN Home Public Land Mobile Network

IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity

LADN Local Area Data Network

LI Lawful Intercept

MEI Mobile Equipment Identifier

MICO Mobile Initiated Connection Only

MME Mobility Management Entity

MO Mobile Originated

MSISDN Mobile Subscriber ISDN

MT Mobile Terminating

N3IWF Non-3GPP InterWorking Function

NAI Network Access Identifier

NAS Non-Access Stratum

NB-IoT Narrow Band IoT

NEF Network Exposure Function

NF Network Function

NGAP Next Generation Application Protocol

NR New Radio

NRF Network Repository Function

NSI Network Slice Instance

NSSAI Network Slice Selection Assistance Information

NSSF Network Slice Selection Function

OCS Online Charging System

OFCS Offline Charging System

PCF Policy Control Function

PDU Packet/Protocol Data Unit

PEI Permanent Equipment Identifier

PLMN Public Land Mobile Network

PRACH Physical Random Access Channel

PLMN Public Land Mobile Network

RAN Radio Access Network

QFI QoS Flow Identity

RM Registration Management

S1-AP S1 Application Protocol

SBA Service Based Architecture

SEA Security Anchor Function

SCM Security Context Management

SI System Information

SIB System Information Block

SMF Session Management Function

SMSF SMS Function

S-NSSAI Single Network Slice Selection Assistance information

SUCI Served User Correlation ID

SUPI Subscriber Permanent Identifier

TEID Tunnel Endpoint Identifier

UE User Equipment

UL Uplink

UL CL Uplink Classifier

UPF User Plane Function

VPLMN Visited Public Land Mobile Network

FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 show examples of system architecture (e.g., 5G systemarchitecture). A 5G access network may comprise an access network incommunication with and/or connecting to and a core network (e.g., a 5Gcore network). An example access network (e.g., a 5G access network) maycomprise an access network connected to a core network (e.g., 5G corenetwork). An access network may comprise a RAN 105 (e.g., NG-RAN) and/ora non-3GPP AN. The core network (e.g., 5G core network) may communicatewith one or more access networks (e.g., 5G access networks (5G-AN)and/or RANs 105. The 5GC may comprise functional elements or networkfunctions as in example FIG. 1 and example FIG. 2 , where interfaces maybe employed for communication among the functional elements and/ornetwork elements. A network function may be a processing function in anetwork that has a functional behavior and interfaces. A networkfunction may be implemented as a network element on a dedicatedhardware, a base station, and/or as a software instance running on adedicated hardware, shared hardware, and/or as a virtualized functioninstantiated on an appropriate platform.

A wireless device 100 may communicate with the RAN 105. The RAN 105 maycomprise an access network. The wireless device 100 may communicate witha first network entity/component (for example and purposes ofexplanation, an AMF 155) via a second network entity/component (forexample and purposes of explanation, a N1 interface). The RAN 105 maycommunicate with the AMF 155 via a fourth network entity/component (forexample and purposes of explanation, an N2 interface). The RAN 105 maycommunicate with a fifth network entity/component (for example andpurposes of explanation, a UPF 110) via a sixth network entity/component(for example and purposes of explanation, an N3 interface). The UPF 110may communicate with a seventh network entity/component (for example andpurposes of explanation, a data network (DN) 115) via an eighth networkentity/component (for example and purposes of explanation, an N6interface). The UPF 110 may communicate with itself and/or another UPF110 via a ninth network entity/component (for example and purposes ofexplanation, an N9 interface). The UPF 110 may communicate with a tenthnetwork entity/component (for example and purposes of explanation, anSMF 160) via an eleventh network entity/component (for example andpurposes of explanation, an N4 interface). The AMF 155 may communicatewith itself and/or another AMF 155 via a twelfth networkentity/component (for example and purposes of explanation, an N14interface). The AMF 155 may communicate with a thirteenth networkentity/component (for example and purposes of explanation, an NSSF 120)via a fourteenth network entity/component (for example and purposes ofexplanation, an N22 interface. The AMF 155 may communicate with afifteenth network entity/component (for example and purposes ofexplanation, a UDM 140) via a sixteenth network entity/component (forexample and purposes of explanation, an N8 interface). The AMF 155 maycommunicate with a seventeenth network entity/component (for example andpurposes of explanation, an AUSF 150) via an eighteenth networkentity/component (for example and purposes of explanation, an N12interface). The AMF 155 may communicate with a nineteenth networkentity/component (for example and purposes of explanation, a PCF 135)via a twentieth network entity/component (for example and purposes ofexplanation, an N15 interface). The AMF 155 may communicate with the SMF160 via a twenty-first network entity/component (for example andpurposes of explanation, an N11 interface). The AUSF 150 may communicatewith the UDM 140 via a twenty-second network entity/component (forexample and purposes of explanation, an N13 interface). The UDM 140 maycommunicate with the SMF 160 via a twenty-third network entity/component(for example and purposes of explanation, an N10 interface). The SMF maycommunicate with the PCF 135 via twenty-fourth network entity/component(for example and purposes of explanation, an N7 interface). The PCF 135may communicate with a twenty-fifth network entity/component (forexample and purposes of explanation, an application function (AF) 145via a twenty-sixth network entity/component (for example and purposes ofexplanation, an N5 interface).

FIG. 2 shows an example system comprising access networks and a corenetwork. The access network may comprise, for example, a RAN 205 and anon-3GPP access network 265 (e.g., untrusted non-3GPP access network).Elements shown in FIG. 2 may correspond to elements in FIG. 1 with likenumerals.

The access and mobility management function AMF 155, 255 may compriseone or more of the following functionalities: termination of (R)AN CPinterface (N2), termination of NAS (N1), NAS ciphering and integrityprotection, registration management, connection management, reachabilitymanagement, mobility management, lawful intercept (for AMF events andinterface to LI system), transport for session management, SM messagesbetween a wireless device 100, 200 and an SMF 160, 260, transparentproxy for routing SM messages, access authentication, accessauthorization, transport for short message service (SMS) messagesbetween wireless device 100, 200 and an SMS function (SMSF), securityanchor function (SEA) interaction with the AUSF 150, 250 and thewireless device 100, 200, receiving an intermediate key established as aresult of the wireless device 100, 200 authentication process, securitycontext management (SCM), and/or receiving a key from the SEA to deriveaccess network specific keys. A variety of these functionalities may besupported in a single instance of an AMF 155, 255 and/or in multipleinstances of AMF 155, 255 as appropriate.

The AMF 155, 255 may support non-3GPP access networks via an N2interface with N3IWF 170, 270, NAS signaling with a wireless device 100,200 over N3IWF 170, 270, authentication of wireless devices connectedover N3IWF 170, 270, management of mobility, authentication, andseparate security context state(s) of a wireless device 100, 200connected via non-3GPP access 265 or connected via 3GPP access 105, 205and non-3GPP accesses 265 simultaneously, support of a coordinated RMcontext valid over 3GPP access 105, 205 and non-3GPP access 265, and/orsupport of context management (CM) management contexts for the wirelessdevice 100, 200 for connectivity over non-3GPP access. Somefunctionalities described above may be supported in an instance of anetwork slice. An AMF 155, 255 region may comprise of one or multipleAMF 155, 255 sets. AMF 155, 255 set may comprise of some AMFs 155, 255that serve a given area and/or network slice(s). Multiple AMF 155, 255sets may be per AMF 155, 255 region and/or network slice(s). Applicationidentifiers may be mapped to one or more specific application trafficdetection rules. A configured NSSAI may be a NSSAI that has beenprovisioned in a wireless device 100, 200. DN 115, 215 access identifier(DNAI), for a DNN, may be an identifier of a user plane access to a DN115, 215. Initial registration may be related to a wireless device 100,200 registration in a RM-DEREGISTERED state. N2AP wireless device 100,200 association may be a logical per wireless device 100, 200association between a 5G AN node and an AMF 155, 255. Wireless device100, 200 may comprise a N2AP wireless device-TNLA-binding, which may bea binding between a N2AP wireless device 100, 200 association and aspecific transport network layer (TNL) association for a given wirelessdevice 100, 200.

The session management function (SMF) 160, 260 may comprise one or moreof the following functionalities: session management (e.g., sessionestablishment, modify and release, comprising tunnel maintain betweenUPF 110, 210 and an AN such as RAN 105, 205 node), wireless device IPaddress allocation & management (comprising optional authorization),selection and control of user plane function(s), configuration oftraffic steering at UPF 110, 210 to route traffic to its properdestination, termination of interfaces towards policy control functions,control part of policy enforcement and QoS, lawful intercept (for SMevents and interface to LI system), termination of SM parts of NASmessages, downlink data notification, initiation of AN specific SMinformation, sent via AMF 155, 255 over N2 to (R)AN 105, 205,determination of SSC mode of a session, roaming functionality, handlinglocal enforcement to apply QoS SLAB (VPLMN), charging data collectionand charging interface (VPLMN), lawful intercept (in VPLMN for SM eventsand interface to LI system), and/or support for interaction withexternal DN 115, 215 for transport of signaling for PDU sessionauthorization/authentication by external DN 115, 215. One or more ofthese functionalities may be supported in a single instance of a SMF160, 260. One or more of the SMF functionalities may be supported in asingle instance of the SMF 160, 260.

The user plane function (UPF) 110, 210 may comprise one or more of thefollowing functionalities: anchor point for Intra-/Inter-RAT mobility(if applicable), external PDU session point of interconnect to DN 115,215, packet routing & forwarding, packet inspection and user plane partof policy rule enforcement, lawful intercept (UP collection), trafficusage reporting, uplink classifier to support routing traffic flows to adata network, branching point to support multi-homed PDU session(s), QoShandling for user plane, uplink traffic verification (SDF to QoS flowmapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink,downlink packet buffering, and/or downlink data notification triggering.Some of the UPF functionalities may be supported in a single instance ofa UPF 110, 210. One or more of functionalities described above may besupported in an instance of a network slice. User plane function(s)(UPF(s) 110, 210) may handle the user plane path of PDU sessions. A UPF110, 210 that provides the interface to a data network supports thefunctionality of a PDU session anchor.

IP address management may comprise allocation and release of thewireless device IP address as well as renewal of the allocated IPaddress. The wireless device 100, 200 sets the requested PDU type duringthe PDU session establishment procedure based on its IP stackcapabilities and configuration. The SMF 160, 260 may select PDU type ofa PDU session as follows: if the SMF 160, 260 receives a request withPDU type set to IP, the SMF 160, 260 may select either PDU type IPv4 orIPv6 based on DNN configuration and/or operator policies. The SMF 160,260 may also provide a cause value to the wireless device 100, 200 toindicate whether the other IP version (e.g. IPv6 if IPv4 is selected andvice versa) may be supported on the DNN. If the other IP versions aresupported, wireless device 100, 200 may request another PDU session tothe same DNN for the other IP version. If the SMF 160, 260 receives arequest for PDU type IPv4 or IPv6 and the requested IP version may besupported by the DNN, the SMF 160, 260 selects the requested PDU type.The 5GC elements and wireless device 100, 200 support the followingmechanisms: during PDU session establishment procedure, the SMF 160, 260may send the IP address to the wireless device 100, 200 via SM NASsignaling. The IPv4 address allocation and/or IPv4 parameterconfiguration via DHCPv4 may also be used if the PDU session may beestablished. IPv6 prefix allocation may be supported via IPv6 statelessauto configuration, if IPv6 may be supported. IPv6 parameterconfiguration via stateless DHCPv6 may also be supported. The 5GC maysupport the allocation of a static IPv4 address and/or a static IPv6prefix based on subscription information in the UDM 140, 240 or based onthe configuration on a per-subscriber, per-DNN basis.

The policy control function PCF 135, 235 may support unified policyframework to govern network behavior, provide policy rules to controlplane function(s) to enforce them, and/or implement a front end toaccess subscription information relevant for policy decisions in a userdata repository (UDR). The unified data management UDM 140, 240 maycomprise an application front end (FE) that comprises the UDM-FE thatmay be in charge of processing credentials, location management, and/orsubscription management. The PCF 135, 235 may be in charge of policycontrol and the user data repository (UDR) that stores data required forfunctionalities provided by UDM-FE, plus policy profiles required by thePCF 135, 235. The data stored in the UDR may comprise at least usersubscription data, comprising at least subscription identifiers,security credentials, access and mobility related subscription data,session related subscription data, and/or policy data. The networkexposure function NEF 125, 225 may provide a means to securely exposethe services and capabilities provided by the 3GPP network functions,translate between information exchanged with the AF 145, 245 andinformation exchanged with the internal network functions, and/orreceive information from other network functions.

The NF repository function NRF 130, 230 may support a service discoveryfunction that receives NF discovery requests from a NF instance,provides the information of the discovered NF instances to the NFinstance, and/or maintains the information of available NF instances andtheir supported services.

The functionality of non-3GPP interworking function N3IWF 170, 270 fornon-3GPP access 265 may comprise at least one or more of the following:supporting of IPsec tunnel establishment with the wireless device,terminating the IKEv2/IPsec protocols with the wireless device 100, 200over NWu, relaying over N2 the information needed to authenticate thewireless device 100 and authorize its access to the 5GC, terminating ofN2 and N3 interfaces to 5GC for control-plane and user-planerespectively, relaying uplink and downlink control-plane NAS (N1)signaling between the wireless device 100, 200 and AMF 155, 255,handling of N2 signaling from SMF 160, 260 (which may be relayed by AMF155, 255) related to PDU sessions and QoS, establishing of IPsecsecurity association (IPsec SA) to support PDU session traffic, relayinguplink and downlink user-plane packets between the wireless device 100,200 and UPF 110, 210, enforcing QoS corresponding to N3 packet marking,considering QoS requirements associated to such marking received overN2, N3 user-plane packet marking in the uplink, local mobility anchorwithin untrusted non-3GPP access networks 265 using MOBIKE, and/orsupporting AMF 155, 255 selection.

The application function AF 145, 245 may interact with the 3GPP corenetwork to provide a variety of services. Based on operator deployment,AF 145, 245 may be trusted by the operator to interact directly withrelevant network functions. Application functions not provided by theoperator to access directly the network functions may use the externalexposure framework (via the NEF 125, 225) to interact with relevantnetwork functions.

The control plane interface between the (R)AN 105, 205 and the 5GC maysupport connection of multiple different kinds of ANs, such as 3GPP(R)AN 105, 25 and/or N3IWF 170, 270, to the 5GC via a unique controlplane protocol. A single N2 AP protocol may be employed for both the3GPP access 105, 205 and non-3GPP access 265 and/or for decouplingbetween AMF 155, 255 and other functions such as SMF 160, 260 that mayneed to control the services supported by AN(s) (e.g. control of the UPresources in the AN 105, 205 for a PDU session). The 5GC may be able toprovide policy information from the PCF 135, 235 to the wireless device100, 100. Such policy information may comprise the following: accessnetwork discovery & selection policy, wireless device route selectionpolicy (URSP) that groups to or more of SSC mode selection policy(SSCMSP), network slice selection policy (NSSP), DNN selection policy,and/or non-seamless offload policy. The 5GC may support the connectivityof a wireless device 100, 200 via non-3GPP access networks 265. As shownin example FIG. 5 , the registration management, RM may be employed toregister or de-register a wireless device 100, 200 with the network, andestablish the user context in the network. Connection management may beemployed to establish and release the signaling connection between thewireless device 100, 200 and the AMF 155, 255.

A wireless device 100, 200 may need to register with the network toreceive services that require registration. The wireless device 100, 200may update its registration with the network, for example, periodically,after the wireless device is registered, to remain reachable (e.g.periodic registration update), on mobility (e.g. mobility registrationupdate), and/or to update its capabilities or re-negotiate protocolparameters. An initial registration procedure, such as in the examplesshown in FIG. 8 and FIG. 9 , may involve execution of network accesscontrol functions (e.g. user authentication and access authorizationbased on subscription profiles in UDM 140, 240). As result of theregistration procedure, the identity of the serving AMF 155, 255 may beregistered in UDM 140, 240. The registration management (RM) proceduresmay be applicable over both 3GPP access 105, 205 and non-3GPP access265.

FIG. 3 shows hardware elements of a first network node 310 (e.g., awireless device) and a second network node 320 (e.g., a base station). Acommunication network may include at least one first network node 310and at least one second network node 320. The first network node 310 mayinclude one or more communication interface 312, one or more processors314, and one or more sets of program code instructions 318 stored innon-transitory memory 316 and executable by the one or more processors314. The second network node may include one or more communicationinterface 322, one or more processors 324, and one or more sets ofprogram code instructions 328 stored in non-transitory memory 326 andexecutable by the one or more processors 324. A communication interface312 in the first network node 310 may be configured to engage incommunication with a communication interface 22 in the second networknode 320, such as via a communication path that includes at least onewireless link. The wireless link may be a bi-directional link. Thecommunication interface 322 in the second network node 320 may beconfigured to engage in communication with the communication interface312 in the first network node 310. The first network node 310 and thesecond network node 320 may be configured to send and receive data overthe wireless link using multiple frequency carriers. Network nodes, basestations, wireless devices, and other communication devices may includestructure and operations of transceiver(s). A transceiver is a devicethat includes both a transmitter and receiver. Transceivers may beemployed in devices such as wireless devices, base stations, relaynodes, and/or the like. Examples for radio technology implemented in thecommunication interfaces 312, 322 and the wireless link are shown inFIG. 3 , FIGS. 4A, and 4B, and associated text. The communicationnetwork may comprise any number and/or type of devices, such as, forexample, computing devices, wireless devices, mobile devices, handsets,tablets, laptops, internet of things (IoT) devices, hotspots, cellularrepeaters, computing devices, and/or, more generally, user equipment(e.g., UE). Although one or more of the above types of devices may bereferenced herein (e.g., UE, wireless device, computing device, etc.),it should be understood that any device herein may comprise any one ormore of the above types of devices or similar devices. The communicationnetwork, and any other network referenced herein, may comprise an LTEnetwork, a 5G network, or any other network for wireless communications.Apparatuses, systems, and/or methods described herein may generally bedescribed as implemented on one or more devices (e.g., wireless device,base station, eNB, gNB, computing device, etc.), in one or morenetworks, but it will be understood that one or more features and stepsmay be implemented on any device and/or in any network. As usedthroughout, the term “base station” may comprise one or more of: a basestation, a node, a Node B, a gNB, an eNB, an ng-eNB, a relay node (e.g.,an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node), a donor node (e.g., adonor eNB, a donor gNB, etc.), an access point (e.g., a WiFi accesspoint), a computing device, a device capable of wirelesslycommunicating, and/or any other device capable of sending and/orreceiving signals. As used throughout, the term “wireless device” maycomprise one or more of: a UE, a handset, a mobile device, a computingdevice, a node, a device capable of wirelessly communicating, and/or anyother device capable of sending and/or receiving signals. Any referenceto one or more of these terms/devices also considers use of any otherterm/device mentioned above.

The communications network may comprise Radio Access Network (RAN)architecture. The RAN architecture may comprise one or more RAN nodesthat may be a next generation Node B (gNB) (e.g., 320) providing NewRadio (NR) user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards afirst network node (e.g. 310) such as a wireless device. A RAN node maybe a next generation evolved Node B (ng-eNB), providing Evolved UMTSTerrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) user plane and control plane protocolterminations towards a second wireless device. A first network node 310(e.g., a wireless device) may communicate with a base station (e.g., agNB) over a Uu interface. A second wireless device may communicate witha base station (e.g., an ng-eNB) over a Uu interface. The second networknode 320 may comprise one or more of a gNB, ng-eNB, and/or the like.

A gNB or an ng-eNB may host functions such as: radio resource managementand scheduling, IP header compression, encryption and integrityprotection of data, selection of Access and Mobility Management Function(AMF) at User Equipment (UE) attachment, routing of user plane andcontrol plane data, connection setup and release, scheduling andtransmission of paging messages (originated from the AMF), schedulingand transmission of system broadcast information (originated from theAMF or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)), measurement and measurementreporting configuration, transport level packet marking in the uplink,session management, support of network slicing, Quality of Service (QoS)flow management and mapping to data radio bearers, support of wirelessdevices in RRC_INACTIVE state, distribution function for Non-AccessStratum (NAS) messages, RAN sharing, and dual connectivity or tightinterworking between NR and E-UTRA.

One or more gNBs and/or one or more ng-eNBs may be interconnected witheach other by means of Xn interface. A gNB or an ng-eNB may be connectedby means of NG interfaces to 5G Core Network (5GC). 5GC may comprise oneor more AMF/User Plane Function (UPF) functions. A gNB or an ng-eNB maybe connected to a UPF by means of an NG-User plane (NG-U) interface. TheNG-U interface may provide delivery (e.g., non-guaranteed delivery) ofuser plane Protocol Data Units (PDUs) between a RAN node and the UPF. AgNB or an ng-eNB may be connected to an AMF by means of an NG-Controlplane (e.g., NG-C) interface. The NG-C interface may provide functionssuch as NG interface management, UE context management, UE mobilitymanagement, transport of NAS messages, paging, PDU session management,configuration transfer or warning message transmission.

A UPF may host functions such as anchor point for intra-/inter-RadioAccess Technology (RAT) mobility (if applicable), external PDU sessionpoint of interconnect to data network, packet routing and forwarding,packet inspection and user plane part of policy rule enforcement,traffic usage reporting, uplink classifier to support routing trafficflows to a data network, branching point to support multi-homed PDUsession, QoS handling for user plane, for example, packet filtering,gating, Uplink (UL)/Downlink (DL) rate enforcement, uplink trafficverification (e.g. Service Data Flow (SDF) to QoS flow mapping),downlink packet buffering and/or downlink data notification triggering.

An AMF may host functions such as NAS signaling termination, NASsignaling security, Access Stratum (AS) security control, inter CoreNetwork (CN) node signaling for mobility between 3^(rd) GenerationPartnership Project (3GPP) access networks, idle mode UE reachability(e.g., control and execution of paging retransmission), registrationarea management, support of intra-system and inter-system mobility,access authentication, access authorization including check of roamingrights, mobility management control (subscription and policies), supportof network slicing and/or Session Management Function (SMF) selection.

An interface may be a hardware interface, a firmware interface, asoftware interface, and/or a combination thereof. The hardware interfacemay include connectors, wires, electronic devices such as drivers,amplifiers, and/or the like. A software interface may include codestored in a memory device to implement protocol(s), protocol layers,communication drivers, device drivers, combinations thereof, and/or thelike. A firmware interface may include a combination of embeddedhardware and code stored in and/or in communication with a memory deviceto implement connections, electronic device operations, protocol(s),protocol layers, communication drivers, device drivers, hardwareoperations, combinations thereof, and/or the like.

FIG. 4A shows general hardware elements that may be used to implementany of the various computing devices discussed herein, including anybase station, wireless device, or computing device. The computing device400 (e.g., wireless device) may include one or more processors 418,which may execute instructions stored memory, such as non-removablememory 430, removable memory 432 (such as a Universal Serial Bus (USB)drive, compact disk (CD) or digital versatile disk (DVD), or floppy diskdrive), or any other desired storage medium. Instructions may also bestored in an attached (or internal) hard drive. The computing device 400may also include a security processor (not shown), which may executeinstructions of a one or more computer programs to monitor the processesexecuting on the processor 418 and any process that requests access toany hardware and/or software components of the computing device 400(e.g., the non-removable memory 430, the removable memory 432, the harddrive, a device controller (e.g., a keypad 426, a display and/ortouchpad 428, a speaker and/or microphone 424, and/or one or moreperipherals 438), a transceiver 420, a network interface, a GPS 436(e.g., a GPS chipset), a Bluetooth interface, a WiFi interface, etc.).The computing device 400 may include one or more output devices, such asthe display and/or touchpad 428 (e.g., a screen, a display device, amonitor, a television, etc.), and may include one or more output devicecontrollers, such as a video processor. There may also be one or moreuser input devices, such as a remote control, keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, microphone, etc., that may be configured, for example, as one ormore of the peripherals 438. The computing device 400 may also includeone or more network interfaces, such as a network interface, the may bea wired interface, a wireless interface such as the transceiver 420, ora combination of the two. The network interface may provide an interfacefor the computing device 400 to communicate (e.g., via wireless or wiredcommunications) with a network (e.g., a RAN, or any other network). Thenetwork interface may include a modem (e.g., a cable modem), and theexternal network may include communication links, an external network,an in-home network, a provider's wireless, coaxial, fiber, or hybridfiber/coaxial distribution system (e.g., a DOCSIS network), or any otherdesired network. Additionally, the computing device 400 may include alocation-detecting device, such as a global positioning system (GPS)chipset or microprocessor 436, which may be configured to receive andprocess global positioning signals and determine, with possibleassistance from an external server and antenna, a geographic position ofthe computing device 400.

The wireless device 400 may communicate with a first base station 405and/or one or more second base stations 406. The first base station 405may comprise one or more of a communication interface 442, processor444, memory 446, instructions 448, and/or any of element, including anyelement described above regarding the wireless device 400. The one ormore second base stations 406 may comprise one or more of acommunication interface 442, processor 444, memory 446, instructions448, and/or any of element, including any element described aboveregarding the wireless device 400. The first base station 405 maycommunicate with the wireless device 400 and/or the one or more secondbase stations 406 via communication interface 442. The one or moresecond base stations 406 may communicate with the wireless device 405and/or the first base station via communication interface 442.

FIG. 4B shows general hardware elements that may be used to implementany of the various computing devices discussed herein, including, e.g.,the network node 310, the network node 320, the wireless device 400, thebase station 405, the base stations 406, or any other network node, basestation, wireless device, or computing device described herein. Thecomputing device 4000 may include one or more processors 4001, which mayexecute instructions stored in the random access memory (RAM) 4003, theremovable media 4004 (such as a Universal Serial Bus (USB) drive,compact disk (CD) or digital versatile disk (DVD), or floppy diskdrive), or any other desired storage medium. Instructions may also bestored in an attached (or internal) hard drive 4005. The computingdevice 4000 may also include a security processor (not shown), which mayexecute instructions of one or more computer programs to monitor theprocesses executing on the processor 4001 and any process that requestsaccess to any hardware and/or software components of the computingdevice 4000 (e.g., ROM 4002, RAM 4003, the removable media 4004, thehard drive 4005, the device controller 4007, a network interface 4009, aGPS 4011, a Bluetooth interface 4012, a WiFi interface 4013, etc.). Thecomputing device 4000 may include one or more output devices, such asthe display 4006 (e.g., a screen, a display device, a monitor, atelevision, etc.), and may include one or more output device controllers4007, such as a video processor. There may also be one or more userinput devices 4008, such as a remote control, keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, microphone, etc. The computing device 4000 may also include oneor more network interfaces, such as a network interface 4009, which maybe a wired interface, a wireless interface, or a combination of the two.The network interface 4009 may provide an interface for the computingdevice 4000 to communicate with a network 4010 (e.g., a RAN, or anyother network). The network interface 4009 may include a modem (e.g., acable modem), and the external network 4010 may include communicationlinks, an external network, an in-home network, a provider's wireless,coaxial, fiber, or hybrid fiber/coaxial distribution system (e.g., aDOCSIS network), or any other desired network. Additionally, thecomputing device 4000 may include a location-detecting device, such as aglobal positioning system (GPS) microprocessor 4011, which may beconfigured to receive and process global positioning signals anddetermine, with possible assistance from an external server and antenna,a geographic position of the computing device 4000.

The examples in FIGS. 4A and 4B are hardware configurations, althoughthe components shown may be implemented as software as well. Forexample, modifications may be made to add, remove, combine, divide, etc.components of the computing device 4000 as desired. Additionally, thecomponents may be implemented using basic computing devices andcomponents, and the same components (e.g., processor 4001, ROM storage4002, display 4006, etc.) may be used to implement any of the othercomputing devices and components described herein. For example, thevarious components described herein may be implemented using computingdevices having components such as a processor executingcomputer-executable instructions stored on a computer-readable medium,as shown in FIG. 4 . Some or all of the entities described herein may besoftware based, and may co-exist in a common physical platform (e.g., arequesting entity may be a separate software process and program from adependent entity, both of which may be executed as software on a commoncomputing device).

Base stations, wireless devices, relay nodes, and other communicationdevices may comprise one or more transceivers. A transceiver may be adevice that comprises both a transmitter and receiver. The communicationnetwork may comprise any number and/or type of devices, such as, forexample, computing devices, wireless devices, mobile devices, handsets,tablets, laptops, internet of things (IoT) devices, hotspots, cellularrepeaters, computing devices, and/or, more generally, user equipment.Although one or more of the above types of devices may be referencedherein (e.g., user equipment, wireless device, computing device, etc.),it should be understood that any device herein may comprise any one ormore of the above types of devices or similar devices. The communicationnetwork, and any other network referenced herein, may comprise an LTEnetwork, a 5G network, or any other network for wireless communications.Apparatuses, systems, and/or methods described herein may generally bedescribed as implemented on one or more devices (e.g., a wirelessdevice, base station, eNB, gNB, computing device, etc.), in one or morenetworks, but it will be understood that one or more features and/orsteps may be implemented on any device and/or in any network. As usedthroughout, the term “base station” may comprise one or more of: a basestation, a node, a Node B, a gNB, an eNB, am ng-eNB, a relay node (e.g.,an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node), a donor node (e.g., adonor eNB, a donor gNB, etc.), an access point (e.g., a WiFi accesspoint), a computing device, a device capable of wirelesslycommunicating, and/or any other device capable of sending and/orreceiving signals. As used throughout, the term “wireless device” maycomprise one or more of: a UE, a handset, a mobile device, a computingdevice, a node, a device capable of wirelessly communicating, or anyother device capable of sending and/or receiving signals. Any referenceto one or more of these terms/devices also considers use of any otherterm/device mentioned above.

FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B depict examples of the RM states of a wirelessdevice, such as the wireless device 100, 200 as observed by the wirelessdevice 100, 200 and AMF 155, 255. FIG. 5A shows RM state transition inthe wireless device. Two RM states may be used in a wireless device 100,200 (and possibly in the AMF 155, 255) that may reflect the registrationstatus of the wireless device 100, 200 in the selected PLMN. Theregistration status of the wireless device 100, 200 in the selected PLMNmay be RM-DEREGISTERED 500 or RM-REGISTERED 510. In the RM DEREGISTEREDstate 500, the wireless device 100, 200 may not be registered with anetwork. The wireless device 100, 200 context in AMF 155, 255 may nothold valid location or routing information for the wireless device 100,200 so the wireless device 100, 200 may be not reachable by the AMF 155,255. Some wireless device context may still be stored in the wirelessdevice 100, 200 and the AMF 155, 255. In the RM REGISTERED state 510,the wireless device 100, 200 may be registered with the network. In theRM-REGISTERED 510 state, the wireless device 100, 200 may receiveservices that require registration with the network.

FIG. 5B shows RM state transitions in the AMF 155, 255. Two RM statesmay be used in the AMF 155, 255 for the wireless device 100, 200 thatreflect the registration status of the wireless device 100, 100 in theselected PLMN. The two RM states that may be used in the AMF 155, 255for the wireless device 100, 200 in the selected PLMN may beRM-DEREGISTERED 520 or RM-REGISTERED 530. The state of RM-DEREGISTERED500 in the wireless device 100, 200 may correspond to the state ofRM-DEREGISTERED 520 in the AMF 155, 255. The state of RM-REGISTERED 510in the wireless device 100, 200 may correspond to the state ofRM-REGISTERED 530 in the AMF 155, 255.

FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B depict examples of CM state transitions as observedby the wireless device 100 and AMF 155. Connection management CM maycomprise the functions of establishing and releasing a signalingconnection between a wireless device 100, 200 and the AMF 155, 255 overN1. This signaling connection may be used to provide NAS signalingexchange between the wireless device 100, 200 and a core network. Thesignaling connection may comprise both the AN signaling connectionbetween the wireless device 100, 200 and/or the (R)AN 105, 205 (e.g. RRCconnection over 3GPP access) and the N2 connection for this wirelessdevice 100, 200 between the AN and the AMF 155, 255. FIG. 6A shows CMstate transitions in the wireless device 100, 200. Two CM states may beused for the NAS signaling connectivity of the wireless device 100, 200with the AMF 155, 255: CM-IDLE 600 and CM-CONNECTED 610. A wirelessdevice 100, 200 in CM-IDLE 600 state may be in RM-REGISTERED 510 statethat may have no NAS signaling connection established with the AMF 155,255 over N1. The wireless device 100, 200 may perform cell selection,cell reselection, and PLMN selection. A wireless device 100, 200 inCM-CONNECTED 610 state may have a NAS signaling connection with the AMF155, 255 over N1. RRC inactive state may apply to NG-RAN (e.g., itapplies to NR and E-UTRA connected to 5G CN). The AMF 155, 255 mayprovide (e.g., based on network configuration) assistance information tothe NG (R)AN 105, 205, for example, to assist the NG (R)AN's 105, 205decision as to whether the wireless device 100, 200 may be sent to RRCinactive state. If a wireless device 100, 200 may be CM-CONNECTED 610with RRC inactive state, the wireless device 100, 200 may resume the RRCconnection (e.g., due to uplink data pending), may execute a mobileinitiated signaling procedure (e.g., as a response to (R)AN 105, 205paging), and/or notify the network that it has left the (R)AN 105, 205notification area. NAS signaling connection management may comprise thefunctions of establishing and releasing a NAS signaling connection. NASsignaling connection establishment function may be provided by thewireless device 100, 200 and the AMF 155, 255 to establish a NASsignaling connection for a wireless device 100, 200 in CM-IDLE 600state. The procedure of releasing a NAS signaling connection may beinitiated by the 5G (R)AN 105, 205 node or the AMF 155, 255.

FIG. 6B shows CM state transitions in the AMF 155, 255. Two CM statesmay be used for a wireless device 100, 200 at the AMF 155, 255: CM-IDLE620 and CM-CONNECTED 630. The state of CM-IDLE 600 in the wirelessdevice 100, 200 may correspond to the state of CM-IDLE 620 in the AMF155, 255. The state of CM-CONNECTED 610 in the wireless device 100, 200may correspond to the state of CM-CONNECTED 630 in the AMF 155, 255.Reachability management of the wireless device 100, 200 may detectwhether a wireless device 100, 200 may be reachable and/or provide thewireless device location (e.g., the access node in communication withthe wireless device) for the network to reach the wireless device 100,200. This may be done by paging wireless device 100, 200 and wirelessdevice location tracking. The wireless device location tracking maycomprise both wireless device registration area tracking and wirelessdevice reachability tracking. Such functionalities may be either locatedat a 5GC (e.g., for a CM-IDLE 620 state) or an NG-RAN 105, 205 (e.g.,for a CM-CONNECTED 630 state).

The wireless device 100, 200 and the AMF 155, 255 may negotiate wirelessdevice 100, 200 reachability characteristics in CM-IDLE 600 and/or 620states during registration and registration update procedures. A varietyof wireless device reachability categories may be negotiated between awireless device 100, 200 and an AMF 155, 255 for CM-IDLE 600 and/or 620states, such as wireless device 100, 200 reachability providing mobiledevice terminated data. The wireless device 100, 200 may be CM-IDLE 600mode and mobile initiated connection only (MICO) mode. The 5GC maysupport a PDU connectivity service that provides exchange of PDUsbetween a wireless device 100, 200 and a data network identified by aDNN. The PDU connectivity service may be supported via PDU sessions thatmay be established, for example, after request from the wireless device100, 200.

A PDU session may support one or more PDU session types. PDU sessionsmay be established (e.g. after wireless device 100, 200 request),modified (e.g., after wireless device 100 and 5GC request) and released(e.g., after wireless device 100, 200 and 5GC request) using NAS SMsignaling exchanged over N1 between the wireless device 100, 200 and theSMF 160, 260. The 5GC may be able to trigger a specific application inthe wireless device 100 (e.g., after a request from an applicationserver). If receiving that trigger message, the wireless device 100, 200may pass it to the identified application in the wireless device 100,200. The identified application in the wireless device 100, 200 mayestablish a PDU session to a specific DNN.

FIG. 7 shows an example of a QoS flow based framework. A QoS model(e.g., a 5G QoS model) may support the QoS flow based framework. The QoSmodel may support both QoS flows that require a guaranteed flow bit rateand QoS flows that may not require a guaranteed flow bit rate. The QoSmodel may also support reflective QoS. The QoS model may comprise flowmapping or packet marking at the CN_UP 720, AN 710, and/or wirelessdevice 700. Packets may arrive from and/or destined to theapplication/service layer 730 of wireless device 700, CN_UP 720, and/oran AF (e.g., the AF 145). QoS flow may be granular of QoSdifferentiation in a PDU session. A QoS Flow IDQFI may be used toidentify a QoS flow in a 5G system. User plane traffic with the same QFIwithin a PDU session may receive the same traffic forwarding treatment.The QFI may be carried in an encapsulation header on N3 (and N9), forexample, without any changes to an end-to-end packet header. The QFI maybe used with PDUs having different types of payload. The QFI may beunique within a PDU session.

The QoS parameters of a QoS flow may be provided to the (R)AN as a QoSprofile over N2 at a PDU session or at a QoS flow establishment, and anNG-RAN may be used, for example, if the user plane may be activated. Adefault QoS rule may be utilized for every PDU session. An SMF (e.g.,SMF 160, 260) may allocate the QFI for a QoS flow and may derive its QoSparameters from the information provided by the PCF. The SMF 160, 260may provide the QFI together with the QoS profile containing the QoSparameters of a QoS flow to the (R)AN 710. QoS flow may be granular forQoS forwarding treatment in a system (e.g., a 5GS). Traffic mapped tothe same QoS flow may receive the same forwarding treatment (e.g.,scheduling policy, queue management policy, rate shaping policy, RLCconfiguration, and/or the like). Providing different QoS forwardingtreatment may require separate QoS flow. A QoS indicator may be used asa reference to a specific QoS forwarding behavior (e.g., packet lossrate, and/or packet delay budget) to be provided to a QoS flow. This QoSindicator may be implemented in the access network by the 5QIreferencing node specific parameters that control the QoS forwardingtreatment (e.g., scheduling weights, admission thresholds, queuemanagement thresholds, link layer protocol configuration, and/or thelike.).

One or more devices (e.g., a 5GC) may support edge computing and mayprovide operators and/or third party services to be hosted close to thewireless device access point of attachment. The one or more devices(e.g., a 5GC) may select a UPF 110, 210 close to the wireless device100, 210 and may execute the traffic steering from the UPF 110, 210 tothe LADN via a N6 interface. This selecting a UPF 110, 210 close to thewireless device may be based on the wireless device subscription data,wireless device location, the information from application function AF145, 245, policy, and/or other related traffic rules. The one or moredevices (e.g., a 5GC) may expose network information and capabilities toan edge computing application function. The functionality support foredge computing may comprise local routing where the one or more devices(e.g., a 5GC) may select UPF 110, 210 to route the user traffic to theLADN, traffic steering where the one or more devices (e.g., a 5GC)selects the traffic to be routed to the applications in the LADN,session and service continuity to provide wireless device 100, 200 andapplication mobility, user plane selection and reselection (e.g., basedon input from application function), network capability exposure wherethe one or more devices (e.g., a 5GC) and application function mayprovide information to each other via NEF, QoS and charging where PCFmay provide rules for QoS control and charging for the traffic routed tothe LADN, and/or support of local area data network where the one ormore devices (e.g., a 5GC) may provide support to connect to the LADN ina certain area where the applications are deployed.

An example system (e.g., a 5GS) may be a 3GPP system comprising of 5Gaccess network 105, 205, 5GC and a wireless device 100, 200, and/or thelike. Provided NSSAI may be an NSSAI provided by a serving PLMN, forexample, during a registration procedure, indicating the NSSAI providedby the network for the wireless device 100, 200 in the serving PLMN forthe current registration area. A periodic registration update may bewireless device 100, 200 re-registration at expiry of a periodicregistration timer. A requested NSSAI may be a NSSAI that the wirelessdevice 100, 200 may provide to the network. A service-based interfacemay represent how a set of services may be provided/exposed by a givenNF.

A PDU connectivity service may provide exchange of PDUs between awireless device 100, 200 and a data network. PDU session may be anassociation between a wireless device 100 and a data network, DN thatprovides a PDU connectivity service. The type of association may be IP,Ethernet, or unstructured. Service continuity may comprise anuninterrupted user experience of a service, for example, if the IPaddress and/or anchoring point change. Session continuity may comprisethe continuity of a PDU session. For a PDU session of an IP typesession, continuity may indicate that the IP address may be preservedfor the lifetime of the PDU session. An uplink classifier may be a UPFfunctionality that aims at diverting uplink traffic, for example, basedon filter rules provided by SMF, towards a data network.

The system architecture may support data connectivity and servicesenabling deployments to use techniques such as, but not limited to,network function virtualization and/or software defined networking. Thesystem architecture may leverage service-based interactions betweencontrol plane (CP) network functions where identified. In systemarchitecture, separation of the user plane (UP) functions from thecontrol plane functions may be considered. A system may provide anetwork function to interact with other NF(s) directly if required. Asystem may reduce dependencies between the access network (AN) and thecore network (CN). The architecture may comprise a convergedaccess-agnostic core network with a common AN-CN interface thatintegrates different 3GPP and non-3GPP access types. A systemfurthermore may support a unified authentication framework, statelessNFs (e.g., where the compute resource may be decoupled from the storageresource), capability exposure, and/or concurrent access to local andcentralized services. UP functions may be deployed close to the accessnetwork, for example, to support low latency services and access toLADNs.

A system may support roaming with both home routed traffic as well aslocal breakout traffic in the visited PLMN. An example architecture maybe service-based and the interaction between network functions may berepresented in a variety of ways. FIG. 1 shows an example service-basedrepresentation, where network functions within the control plane mayprovide other authorized network functions to access their services.This service-based representation shown in FIG. 1 may also comprisepoint-to-point reference points where necessary. FIG. 1 shows an examplereference point representation, showing the interaction between the NFservices in the network functions described by point-to-point referencepoint (e.g., N11) between any two network functions.

A network slice may comprise or be associated with the core networkcontrol plane and/or user plane network functions such as, for example,a 5G RAN, the N3IWF functions to the non-3GPP Access Network, and/or thelike. Network slices may support differing features and/or networkfunction implementations. An operator may deploy multiple network sliceinstances delivering the same features for different groups of wirelessdevices, to deliver different committed service, and/or because thenetwork slice instances may be dedicated to an individual customer. TheNSSF 120 may store the mapping information between a slice instance IDand an NF ID (and/or NF address).

A wireless device 100, 200 may simultaneously be served by one or morenetwork slice instances via, for example, a 5G-AN. The wireless device100, 200 may be served by k network slices (e.g., k=8, 16, etc.) at atime. An AMF 155, 255 instance serving the wireless device 100, 200 maybelong to a network slice instance serving the wireless device 100.

A PDU session may belong to one specific network slice instance perPLMN. Different network slice instances may not share a PDU session.Different slices may have slice-specific PDU sessions using the sameDNN, or different DNNs.

A Single Network Slice Selection Assistance Information (S-NSSAI) mayindicate (e.g., identify) a network slice. An S-NSSAI may comprise aslice/service type (SST) and/or a slice differentiator (SD). The SST mayrefer to the expected network slice behavior in terms of features andservices. An SD may be optional information that may complement theslice/service type(s), for example, to allow further differentiation forselecting a network slice instance from potentially multiple networkslice instances that comply with the indicated slice/service type. Thesame network slice instance may be selected using different S-NSSAIs.The CN part of a network slice instance(s) serving a wireless 100, 200may be selected by the CN.

Subscription data may include the S-NSSAI(s) of the network slices towhich the wireless device 100, 200 may subscribe. One or more S-NSSAIsmay be indicated (e.g., marked) as a default S-NSSAI. k S-NSSAI may beindicated (e.g., marked) as a default S-NSSAI (e.g., k=8, 16, etc.). Thewireless device 100, 200 may subscribe to more than 8 S-NSSAIs, or up toor more than any other quantity of S-NSSAIs.

A wireless device 100, 200 may be configured, by the HPLMN, with aconfigured NSSAI per PLMN. The wireless device 100, 200 may obtain, fromthe AMF 155, an allowed NSSAI for a PLMN (which may include one or moreS-NSSAIs), for example, based on or after successful completion of awireless device's registration procedure.

The allowed NSSAI may take precedence over the configured NSSAI, forexample, for a PLMN. The wireless device 100, 200 may use the S-NSSAIsin the allowed NSSAI corresponding to a network slice for the subsequentnetwork slice selection related procedures in the serving PLMN.

The establishment of user plane connectivity to a data network via anetwork slice instance(s) may comprise: performing an RM procedure toselect an AMF 155, 255 that supports the required network slices,establishing one or more PDU sessions to the required data network viathe network slice instance(s), and/or the like.

The wireless device 100, 200 may provide a requested NSSAI to thenetwork in the RRC and NAS layer. The requested NSAAI may comprise theS-NSSAI(s) corresponding to the slice(s) to which the wireless device100, 200 attempts to register, a temporary user ID if one was assignedto the wireless device 100, 200 and/or the like. The wireless device100, 200 may provide the requested NSSA, for example, if the wirelessdevice 100, 200 registers with a PLMN, and/or if the wireless device100, 200 for the PLMN has a configured NSSAI or an allowed NSSAI. Therequested NSSAI may be a configured-NSSAI, an allowed-NSSAI, and/or thelike. The RAN 105, 205 may route NAS signaling to and/or from thewireless device 100, 200 to and/or from a default AMF 155, 255. The RAN105, 205 may route NAS signaling to and/or from the wireless device 100,200 to and/or from a default AMF 155, 255, for example, if a wirelessdevice 100, 200 registers with a PLMN and does not have a configuredNSSAI or allowed NSSAI for the PLMN.

The network may change the set of permitted network slice(s) to whichthe wireless device 100, 200 is registered. The network may change theset of permitted network slice(s) to which the wireless device 100, 200is registered, for example, based on local policies, subscriptionchanges, and/or wireless device 100, 200 mobility. The network maychange the set of permitted network slice(s) for a registrationprocedure. The network may trigger a notification to be sent to thewireless device 100, notifying the wireless device 100 of the change ofthe supported network slices using an RM procedure (which may trigger aregistration procedure). The network may provide the wireless device 100with a new allowed NSSAI and tracking area list.

For a registration procedure in a PLMN, the AMF 155, 255 that firstreceives the registration request may redirect the registration requestto another AMF 155, 255 via the RAN 105, 205 and/or via direct signalingbetween the initial AMF 155, 255 and the target AMF 155, 255. The AMF155, 255 that first receives the registration request may redirect theregistration request to another AMF 155, 255 via the RAN 105, 205 and/orvia direct signaling between the initial AMF 155, 255 and the target AMF155, 255, for example, if the network decides that the wireless device100, 200 should be served by a different AMF 155, 255, for example,based on network slice(s) aspects.

The network operator may provision the wireless device 100 with an NSSP.The NSSP may comprise one or more NSSP rules.

The wireless device 100, 200 may route the user data of the applicationin one or more of the PDU sessions. The wireless device 100, 200 mayroute the user data of the application in one or more of the PDUsessions, for example, if a wireless device 100, 200 has one or moreestablished PDU sessions corresponding to the a specific S-NSSAI, unlessother conditions in the wireless device 100, 200 prohibit the use of thePDU sessions. The wireless device 100, 200 may consider the DNN todetermine which PDU session to use if the application provides a DNN.The wireless device 100, 200 may request a new PDU session correspondingto the S-NSSAI. The wireless device 100, 200 may request a new PDUsession corresponding to the S-NSSAI, for example, with the DNN that maybe provided by the application, if the wireless device 100, 200 does nothave a PDU session established with the specific S-NSSAI. The RAN 105,205 may be aware of the network slices used by the wireless 100, 200 inorder for the RAN 105, 205 to select a proper resource for supportingnetwork slicing in the RAN 105, 205.

An AMF 155, 255 may select an SMF 160, 260 in a network slice instance,for example, based on the S-NSSAI, DNN, and/or other information (e.g.,wireless device 100, 200 subscription and local operator policies,and/or the like). An AMF 155, 255 may select an SMF 160, 260 in anetwork slice instance based on the S-NSSAI, DNN, and/or otherinformation, for example, if the wireless device 100, 200 triggers theestablishment of a PDU session. The selected SMF 160, 260 may establishthe PDU session based on the S-NSSAI and DNN.

The wireless device 100, 200 may or may not include the NSSAI in NASsignaling. The wireless device 100, 200 may not include the NSSAI in NASsignaling, for example, in order to support network-controlled privacyof slice information for the slices that the wireless device 100, 200may access. The wireless device 100, 200 may not include the NSSAI inNAS signaling, for example, unless the wireless device 100, 200 has aNAS security context. The wireless device 100, 200 may not includeNSSAI, for example, in unprotected RRC signaling. The wireless device100, 200 may not include NSSAI, for example, if the wireless device 100,200 is aware of or configured such that privacy considerations are usedfor the NSSAI.

Network slice specific network functions in VPLMN and HPLMN may beselected, for example, for a wireless device that may be roaming. Thenetwork slice specific network functions in VPLMN and HPLMN may beselected, for example, based on the S-NSSAI provided by the wirelessdevice 100, 200 PDU connection establishment. Selection of slicespecific NF instances may be performed by each PLMN or by one or morePLMNs. Selection of slice specific NF instances may be performed by aPLMN, for example, if a standardized S-NSSAI is used. Selection of slicespecific NF instances may be performed by a PLMN, for example, based onthe provided S-NSSAI. The VPLMN may map the S-NSSAI of HPLMN to aS-NSSAI of VPLMN, for example, based on a roaming agreement (e.g.,including mapping to a default S-NSSAI of VPLMN). The selection of slicespecific NF instance in a VPLMN may be, for example, based on theS-NSSAI of VPLMN. The selection of any slice specific NF instance inHPLMN may be, for example, based on the S-NSSAI of an HPLMN.

FIG. 8 and FIG. 9 show an example call flow for an initial registrationprocedure. The initial registration procedure may involve execution ofnetwork access control functions (e.g., user authentication and accessauthorization, which may be based on subscription profiles in UDM 140,240). The identity of the serving AMF 155, 255 may be registered in aUDM 140, 240, for example, based on or as a result of the initialregistration procedure. The RM procedures may be applicable for both a3GPP access RAN 105, 205 and a non-3GPP access RAN 265.

As shown in FIG. 8 and FIG. 9 , a registration procedure may beperformed by the wireless device 100, 200. The registration proceduremay be performed by the wireless device 100, 200, for example, to becomeauthorized to receive services, to enable mobility tracking, to enablereachability, and/or the like. The wireless device 100, 200 may send aregistration request message 805 to the RAN 105 (or 205). Theregistration request message 805 may comprise, for example, ANparameters and/or an RM-NAS registration request (e.g., registrationtype, SUCI or SUPI or GUTI (e.g., 5G-GUTI), last visited TAI (ifavailable), security parameters, requested NSSAI, mapping of requestedNSSAI, wireless device 5GC capability, PDU session status, PDUsession(s) to be re-activated, follow on request, MICO mode preference,and/or the like), and/or the like. The AN parameters may include, forexample, SUCI, SUPI, the GUTI (e.g., 5G-GUTI), the selected PLMN ID andrequested NSSAI, and/or the like (e.g., for the RAN). The AN parametersmay comprise an establishment cause. The establishment cause may providea reason for requesting an establishment of an RRC connection. Theregistration type may indicate, for example, whether the wireless device100 determines and/or requests to perform an initial registration (e.g.,if the wireless device 100, 200 is in the RM-DEREGISTERED state), amobility registration update (e.g., if the wireless device 100, 200 isin the RM-REGISTERED state and initiates a registration procedure, suchas due to mobility), a periodic registration update (e.g., if thewireless device 100, 200 is in the RM-REGISTERED state and may initiatea registration procedure, such as due to the periodic registrationupdate timer expiry) or an emergency registration (e.g., if the wirelessdevice 100, 200 is in a limited service state).

The wireless device 100, 200 may include its SUCI or SUPI in theregistration request. The wireless device 100, 200 may include its SUCIor SUPI in the registration request, for example, if the wireless device100, 200 is performing an initial registration (e.g., if the wirelessdevice 100 is in the RM-DEREGISTERED state) to a PLMN for which thewireless device 100, 200 does not already have a GUTI (e.g., 5G-GUTI).The SUCI may be included in the registration request, for example, ifthe home network has provisioned the public key to protect SUPI in thewireless device 100, 200. The wireless device 100, 200 may perform aninitial registration. The wireless device 100, 200 may include the SUPIin a registration request message. The wireless device 100, 200 mayinclude the SUPI in the registration request message, for example, ifthe wireless device 100, 200 receives a wireless device configurationupdate command indicating that the wireless device 100, 200 may berequired to re-register and/or that the 5G-GUTI is invalid.

The SUPI may be included the registration request message, for example,for an emergency registration. The SUPI may be included for an emergencyregistration, for example, if the wireless device 100, 200 does not havea valid GUTI (e.g., 5G-GUTI) available. The PEI may be included for anemergency request, for example, if the wireless device 100, 20 has noSUPI and no valid GUTI (e.g., 5G-GUTI). The GUTI (e.g., 5G-GUTI) may beincluded and may indicate the old (e.g., last serving) AMF 856. Thewireless device 100, 200 may not provide the GUTI (e.g., 5G-GUTI)allocated by the AMF 155, 255 over the 3GPP access, for example, duringthe registration procedure over the non-3GPP access. The wireless device100, 200 may not provide the GUTI allocated by the AMF 155, 255, forexample, if the wireless device 100 is already registered via a non-3GPPaccess in a PLMN different from the new PLMN (e.g., not the registeredPLMN or a PLMN equivalent to the registered PLMN) of the 3GPP access.The wireless device 100, 200 may not provide access to the GUTI (e.g.,5G-GUTI) allocated by the AMF 155 over the non-3GPP during theregistration procedure over the 3GPP access. The wireless device 100 maynot provide access to the GUTI, for example, if the wireless device 100is already registered via a 3GPP access in a PLMN (e.g., the registeredPLMN) different from the new PLMN (e.g., not the registered PLMN or aPLMN equivalent to the registered PLMN) of the non-3GPP access. Thewireless device 100, 200 may provide the wireless device's 100, 200usage setting. The wireless device 100, 200 may provide the wirelessdevice's 100, 200 usage setting, for example, based on itsconfiguration.

The wireless device 100, 200 may include the mapping of requested NSSAIfor initial registration or mobility registration updates. The mappingof requested NSSAI, for example, may comprise the mapping of eachS-NSSAI of the requested NSSAI to the S-NSSAIs of the configured NSSAIfor the HPLMN. The wireless device 100, 200 may include the mapping ofrequested NSSAI, for example, to ensure that the network is able toverify whether the S-NSSAI(s) in the requested NSSAI are permitted(e.g., based on the subscribed S-NSSAIs). The last visited TAI may beincluded in the mapping of requested NSSAI. The last visited TAI may beincluded in the mapping of requested NSSAI, for example, to help the AMF155, 255 produce a registration area for the wireless device. Securityparameters may be used for authentication and integrity protection. Arequested NSSAI may indicate the network slice selection assistanceinformation. The PDU session status may indicate the previouslyestablished PDU sessions in the wireless device 100, 200. The PDUsession status may indicate the established PDU session of the currentPLMN in the wireless device 100, 200. The PDU session status mayindicate the established PDU session of the current PLMN in the wirelessdevice 100, 200, for example, if the wireless device 100, 200 isconnected to two AMF 155, 255 belonging to different PLMNs (e.g., via3GPP access and via non-3GPP access). The PDU session(s) to bere-activated may be included, for example, to indicate the PDUsession(s) for which the wireless device 100, 200 may intend to activateUP connections. A PDU session corresponding to an LADN may not beincluded in the PDU session(s) to be re-activated. The PDU sessioncorresponding to a LADN may not be included in the PDU session(s) to bere-activated, for example, if the wireless device 100, 200 is outsidethe area of availability of the LADN. The follow-on request may beincluded, for example, if the wireless device 100, 200 has a pendinguplink signaling that the wireless device 100, 200 does not include PDUsession(s) to be re-activated, or if the registration type indicates thewireless device 100, 200 may want to perform an emergency registration.

The RAN 105, 205 may perform AMF selection 808. The RAN 105, 205 mayperform AMF selection 808, for example, based on RAT and a requestedNSSAI (e.g., if available). The RAN 105, 205 may perform AMF selection808, for example, if an SUPI is included or if the GUTI (e.g., 5G-GUTI)does not indicate a valid AMF 155, 255. The RAN 105, 205 may forward theregistration request message 810 to a new AMF 855. The RAN 105, 205 mayforward the registration request message 810 to a new AMF 855, forexample, on the N2 connection of the wireless device 100, 200 if thewireless device 100, 200 is in the CM-CONNECTED state. The RAN 105, 205may forward the registration request 810 to the new AMF 855, which mayhave been configured to perform AMF selection 808. The RAN 105, 205 mayforward the registration request 810 to the new AMF 855, for example, ifthe RAN 105, 205 does not select an appropriate new AMF 855.

The RAN 105, 205 may send an N2 registration request message 810 to thenew AMF 855. The N2 registration request message 810, may comprise, forexample, N2 parameters, RM-NAS registration request (e.g., registrationtype, SUPI or 5G-GUTI, last visited TAI (if available), securityparameters, requested NSSAI, mapping of requested NSSAI, wireless device5GC capability, PDU session status, PDU session(s) to be re-activated,follow on request, and MICO mode preference), and/or the like. The N2parameters may comprise the selected PLMN ID, location information, cellidentity, and the RAT type related to the cell in which the wirelessdevice 100, 200 is communicating (e.g., camping on) for example, if theRAN 105, 205 is used. The N2 parameters may comprise the establishmentcause. The N2 parameters may comprise the establishment cause, forexample, if the RAN 105, 205 is used.

A new AMF 855 may send, to the old AMF 856, complete registrationrequest (e.g., an Namf_Communication_UEContextTransfer) 815. The new AMF855 may invoke an operation (e.g., theNamf_Communication_UEContextTransfer 815 service operation) on the oldAMF 856. The new AMF 855 may invoke an operation (e.g., theNamf_Communication_UEContextTransfer 815 service operation) on the oldAMF 856 (which may include the complete registration request IE), forexample, if the wireless device's GUTI (e.g., 5G-GUTI) is included inthe registration request and the serving AMF 155, 255 has changed sincelast registration procedure. The complete registration request IE may beintegrity protected. The new AMF 855 may invoke the operation (e.g., theNamf_Communication_UEContextTransfer 815 service operation) on the oldAMF 856, for example, to request the wireless device's 100 SUPI and MMContext. The old AMF 856 may use the integrity protected completeregistration request IE, for example, to verify whether the contexttransfer service operation invocation corresponds to the wireless device100, 200 requested. The old AMF 856 may transfer the event subscriptionsinformation by each NF consumer, for the wireless device 100, 200, tothe new AMF 855. The SUPI request may or may not be skipped. The SUPIrequest may be skipped, for example, if the wireless device 100, 200indicates (e.g., identifies) itself with PEI.

The old AMF 856 may send, to the new AMF 855, a response 815 to thetransfer message (e.g., Namf_Communication_UEContextTransfer). Theresponse 815 may comprise, for example, SUPI, MM context, SMF 160information, and/or a PCF ID). The old AMF 856 may respond, to the newAMF 855, based on an operation (e.g.,Namf_Communication_UEContextTransfer invocation). The old AMF 856 mayrespond to the new AMF 855, for example, by including the wirelessdevice's SUPI and/or MM context. The old AMF 856 may include SMF 160,260 information which may comprise, for example, S-NSSAI(s), SMF 160,260 identities, and/or a PDU session ID (e.g., if the old AMF 856 hasinformation about established PDU sessions). The old AMF 856 may haveinformation about the NGAP wireless device-TNLA bindings. The old AMF856 may include information about the NGAP wireless device-TNLA bindingsin one or more messages, for example, if the old AMF 856 has informationabout active NGAP wireless device-TNLA bindings to the N3IWF 270.

The identity request procedure 820 may be initiated, for example, by thenew AMF 855 sending an identity request message 820 to the wirelessdevice 100, 200 from the SUCI. The identity request message 820 may beinitiated, for example, if the SUPI has not been provided by thewireless device 100, 200 and/or if the SUPI has not been retrieved fromthe old AMF 856. The wireless device 100, 200 may respond, to theidentity request message 820 (e.g., identity request procedure), with anidentity response message 822. The identity response message 822 mayinclude the SUCI. The wireless device 100, 200 may determine (e.g.,derive) the SUCI, for example, by using the provisioned public key ofthe HPLMN.

The new AMF 855 may determine to initiate an AUSF selection 825. TheAUSF selection 825 may be to initiate the wireless device authentication830 (e.g., wireless device security). The new AMF 855 may initiate theAUSF selection 825, for example, by invoking an AUSF 150, 250. The newAMF 855 may select an AUSF 150, 250, for example, based on the SUPIand/or the SUCI. The new AMF 855 may perform or skip the authentication830 and/or the security setup. The new AMF 855 may accept that theauthentication 830 may fail and continue the registration procedure. Thenew AMF 855 may accept that the authentication 830 may fail and continuethe registration procedure, for example, if the new AMF 855 isconfigured to support emergency registration for unauthenticated SUPIs.The new AMF 855 may accept that the authentication 830 may fail andcontinue the registration procedure, for example, if the wireless device100, 200 indicates that the registration type is an emergencyregistration.

The authentication 830 may be performed by the Nudm_UEAuthenticate_Getoperation. The AUSF 150 may discover a UDM 140, 240. The AUSF 150 mayreturn the SUPI to the new AMF 855, for example, after theauthentication 830 is successful. The AUSF 150, 250 may return the SUPIto the new AMF 855 after the authentication 830 is successful, forexample, if the new AMF 855 provides a SUCI to AUSF 150, 250. The newAMF 855 may determine whether the registration request must/should bererouted (e.g., rerouted from the AMF 155 operating as an initial AMF),for example, if network slicing is used. The new AMF 855 may initiateNAS security functions. The new AMF 855 may initiate an NGAP procedure.The initiation may, for example, enable an AN (e.g., 5G-AN) to use theNGAP procedure for securing procedures with the wireless device 100 uponcompletion of a NAS security function setup. The AN (e.g., 5G-AN) maystore the security context. The AN may acknowledge completion of the NASsecurity function setup to the AMF 155, 255. The AN (e.g., 5G-AN) mayuse the security context, for example, to protect the messages exchangedwith the wireless device 100, 200.

A new AMF 855 may send Namf_Communication_RegistrationCompleteNotify 835to the old AMF 856. The new AMF 855 may notify the old AMF 856 that theregistration of the wireless device 100, 200 in the new AMF 855 iscompleted. The new AMF 855 may notify the old AMF 856 that theregistration of the wireless device 100, 200 in the new AMF 855 iscompleted (e.g., if the new AMF 855 has changed) by invoking theNamf_Communication_RegistrationCompleteNotify service operation. Theregistration may be rejected. The new AMF 855 may invoke theNamf_Communication_RegistrationCompleteNotify 835 service operation, forexample, if the registration is rejected. The new AMF 855 may send areject indication reason code to the old AMF 856. The old AMF 856 maycontinue as if the wireless device context transfer service operationwas never received. The old AMF 856 may continue as if the wirelessdevice context transfer service operation was never received, forexample, if the authentication/security procedure fails. The new AMF 855may determine which (if any) of one or more PDU sessions may not besupported in the new registration area. The new AMF 855 may determinewhich (if any) of one or more PDU sessions may not be supported in thenew registration area, for example, if one or more of the S-NSSAIs usedin the old registration area are not served in the target registrationarea. The new AMF 855 may invoke theNamf_Communication_RegistrationCompleteNotify 835 service operation,which may include the rejected PDU session ID and/or a reject cause(e.g., the S-NSSAI becomes no longer available) in one or more messagesto the old AMF 856. The new AMF 855 may modify the PDU session status.The old AMF 856 may inform one or more SMFs (e.g., the corresponding SMF160) to locally release the wireless device's SM context, for example,by invoking the Nsmf_PDUSession_ReleaseSMContext service operation.

The new AMF 855 may send an identity request/response 840 (e.g., PEI) tothe wireless device 100, 200. An identity request procedure may beinitiated by the new AMF 855. The identity request procedure may beinitiated by the new AMF 855, for example, by sending an identityrequest message 840 to the wireless device 100 to retrieve the PEI(e.g., if the PEI was not provided by the wireless device 100, 200and/or if the PEI was not retrieved from the old AMF 856). The PEI maybe encrypted for transfer, unless, for example, the wireless device 100,200 performs emergency registration and is not authenticated. Thewireless device 100, 200 may include the PEI in the registration requestfor an emergency registration. The new AMF 855 may initiate ME identitycheck. The new AMF 855 may initiate ME identity check, for example, byinvoking an N5g-eir_EquipmentIdentityCheck_Get service operation 845(e.g., with an Equipment Identity Register (EIR)).

As shown in FIG. 9 , the new AMF 855 (e.g., based on the SUPI) mayperform UDM selection 905 to select a UDM 140, 240. The UDM 140, 240 mayselect a UDR instance. The new AMF 855 may register with the UDM 140,240. The new AMF 855 may register with the UDM 140, for example, byusing a Nudm_UECM_Registration 910. The new AMF 855 may subscribe to benotified if the UDM 140, 240 deregisters the AMF 155, 255, if the AMF155, 255 has changed since the last registration procedure, if thewireless device 100, 200 provides a SUPI which may not refer to a validcontext in the AMF 155, 255, and/or if the wireless device 100, 200registers to the same AMF 155, 255 that it has already registered to anon-3GPP access (e.g., the wireless device 100, 200 is registered over anon-3GPP access and may initiate the registration procedure to add a3GPP access).

The UDM 140, 240 may store the AMF 155, 255 identity associated with afirst access type and may not remove the AMF 155, 255 identityassociated with one or more second access types. The UDM 140, 240 maystore information provided at registration in UDR with Nudr_UDM_Update.The AMF 155, 255 may retrieve the access and mobility subscription dataand SMF 160, 260 selection subscription data, for example, by usingNudm_SDM_Get 915. The UDM 140, 240 may retrieve the access and mobilitysubscription data and SMF 160, 260 selection subscription datainformation from UDR, for example, with Nudr_UDM_Query. The AMF 155, 255may subscribe to be notified based on a successful response and/or aftera successful response is received. The AMF 155, 255 may subscribe to benotified based on a successful response and/or after a successfulresponse is received, for example, if the data requested is modifiedusing Nudm_SDM_Subscribe 920. The UDM 140, 240 may subscribe to UDR, forexample, by using Nudr_UDM_Subscribe 920. The GPSI may be provided tothe new AMF 855 in the subscription data from the UDM 140, 240. The GPSImay be provided in the subscription data from the UDM 140, 240, forexample, if the GPSI is available in the wireless device 100, 200subscription data. The new AMF 855 may provide the access type it servesfor the wireless device 100 to the UDM 140. The access type may, forexample, be set to 3GPP access. The UDM 140 may store the associatedaccess type together with the serving AMF 155 in UDR, for example, withNudr_UDM_Update. The new AMF 855 may create an MM context for thewireless device 100, 200. The new AMF 855 may create an MM context forthe wireless device 100, 200, for example, in response to getting themobility subscription data from the UDM 140, 240. The UDM 140, 240 mayinitiate Nudm_UECM_DeregistrationNotification 921 to the old AMF 856,corresponding to 3GPP, access. The UDM 140, 240 may initiateNudm_UECM_DeregistrationNotification 921, for example, if the UDM 140,240 stores the associated access type together with the serving AMF 155,255. The old AMF 856 may remove the MM context of the wireless device100, 200. The old AMF 856 may invoke a Namf_EventExposure_Notify serviceoperation, for example, by sending one or more messages to theassociated SMFs 160, 260 of the wireless device 100, 200. The old AMF856 may invoke the service operation, for example, to notify theassociated SMFs 160, 260 that the wireless device 100, 200 isderegistered from the old AMF 856. The SMF 160, 260 may release the PDUsession(s). The SMF 160, 260 may release the PDU session(s), forexample, based on the notification, if the serving NF removal reasonindicated by the UDM 140, 240 is initial registration. The old AMF 856may unsubscribe with the UDM 140, 240 for subscription data, forexample, by using Nudm_SDM_unsubscribe 922.

The new AMF 855 may select 925 a PCF 135, 235. The new AMF 855 mayselect 925 a PCF 135, 235, for example, if the AMF 155, 255 determinesto initiate PCF 135, 235 communication (e.g., the new AMF 855 has notyet obtained access and mobility policy for the wireless device 100, 200and/or if the access and mobility policy in the new AMF 855 is no longervalid). The new AMF 855 may select the (V-)PCF identified by the PCF ID.The new AMF 855 may select the (V-)PCF identified by the PCF ID, forexample, if the new AMF 855 receives a PCF ID from the old AMF 856 andsuccessfully contacts the PCF 135, 235 indicated (e.g., identified) bythe PCF ID. The new AMF 855 may select 925 a PCF 135, 235. The new AMF855 may select 925 a PCF 135, 235, for example, if the PCF 135, 235indicated (e.g., identified) by the PCF ID is not used (e.g., noresponse from the PCF 135 is received) and/or if there is no PCF IDreceived from the old AMF 856.

The new AMF 855 may perform a policy association establishment 930. Thenew AMF 855 may perform the policy association establishment 930, forexample, during registration procedure. The new AMF 855 may include thePCF-ID in a Npcf_AMPolicyControl Get operation for the policyassociation establishment 930. The new AMF 855 may include the PCF-ID inthe Npcf_AMPolicyControl Get operation, for example, if the new AMF 855communicates with or contacts the PCF 135, 235 indicated (e.g.,identified) by the (V-)PCF ID received, for example, during inter-AMFmobility. The PCF 135, 235 may provide the updated mobility restrictionsto the new AMF 855. The PCF 135, 235 may provide the updated mobilityrestrictions to the new AMF 855, for example, if the AMF 155, 255notifies the mobility restrictions (e.g., wireless device 100, 200location) to the PCF 135, 235 for adjustment, or if the PCF 135, 235updates the mobility restrictions itself due to some conditions (e.g.,application in use, time and date). The PCF 135, 235 may invokeNamf_EventExposure_Subscribe 935 service operation for the wirelessdevice 100, 200 event subscription.

The new AMF 855 may send, to the SMF 160, 260 anNsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext 936. The new AMF 855 may invoke theNsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext 936. The new AMF 855 may invoke theNsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext 936, for example, if the PDU session(s)to be re-activated is included in the registration request. The new AMF855 may send the Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext 936 request to theSMF(s) 160 associated with the PDU session(s). The new AMF 855 may sendthe Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext 936 request, for example, toactivate user plane connections of the PDU session(s). The SMF 160, 260may decide to trigger (e.g., the intermediate UPF 110, 210 insertion)removal or change of PSA. The procedure may be performed without N11 andN2 interactions. The procedure may be performed without N11 and N2interactions, for example, to update the N3 user plane between the RAN105, 205 and the CN (e.g., 5GC) if the intermediate UPF 110, 210insertion, removal, and/or relocation is performed for the PDUsession(s) that is/are not included in PDU session(s) to bere-activated. The new AMF 855 may invoke theNsmf_PDUSession_ReleaseSMContext 936 service operation towards the SMF160, 260 (e.g., by sending one or more messages to the SMF 16, 260). Thenew AMF 855 may invoke the Nsmf_PDUSession_ReleaseSMContext 936 serviceoperation, for example, if any PDU session status indicates that it isreleased at the wireless device 100, 200. The new AMF 855 may invoke theNsmf_PDUSession_ReleaseSMContext 936 service operation towards the SMF160, 260 (e.g., by sending one or more messages to the SMF 16, 260). Thenew AMF 855 may invoke the Nsmf_PDUSession_ReleaseSMContext 936 serviceoperation, for example, in order to release any network resourcesrelated to the PDU session.

The new AMF 855 may send a wireless device Context Modification Request940 to a N3IWF 938. The new AMF 855 may create an NGAP wireless deviceassociation, towards the N3IWF 938 to which the wireless device 100, 200is connected (e.g., by sending one or more messages to the N3IWF 938).The new AMF 855 may create the NGAP wireless device association, forexample, if the AMF 155, 255 has changed. The N3IWF 938 may respond tothe new AMF 855, for example, with a wireless device ContextModification Response 942.

The new AMF 855 may send, to the wireless device 100, 200, aregistration accept message 955. The registration accept message 955 maycomprise, for example, GUTI (e.g., 5G-GUTI), registration area, mobilityrestrictions, PDU session status, allowed NSSAI (or mapping of allowedNSSAI), periodic registration update timer, LADN information andaccepted MICO mode, IMS voice over PS session supported indication,emergency service support indicator, and/or the like. The new AMF 855may send the registration accept message 955, for example, to thewireless device 100, 200. The registration accept message 955 may, forexample, indicate that the registration request has been accepted. Theregistration accept message 955 may include GUTI (e.g., 5G-GUTI), forexample, if the new AMF 855 allocates a new GUTI (e.g., 5G-GUTI). Thenew AMF 855 may send the registration area to the wireless device 100,200. The new AMF 855 may send the registration area, for example, via aregistration accept message 955 if, for example, the new AMF 855allocates a new registration area. The wireless device 100, 200 maydetermine that the old registration area is valid or consider the oldregistration area to be valid. The wireless device 100, 200 maydetermine that the old registration area is valid (or consider the oldregistration area to be valid), for example, if there is no registrationarea included in the registration accept message. Mobility restrictionsmay be included in the registration accept message 955. Mobilityrestrictions may be included in the registration accept message 955, forexample if mobility restrictions are used for the wireless device 100,200 and if the registration type is not an emergency registration.

The new AMF 855 may indicate the established PDU sessions to thewireless device 100, 200, for example, in the PDU session status. Thewireless device 100, 200 may locally remove internal resources relatedto PDU sessions. The wireless device 100, 200 may locally removeinternal resources related to PDU sessions, for example, that are notmarked as established in the received PDU session status. The wirelessdevice 100, 200 may locally remove internal resources related to the PDUsession of the current PLMN that are not marked as established inreceived PDU session status. The wireless device 100, 200 may locallyremove internal resources related to the PDU session of the current PLMNthat are not marked as established in received PDU session status, forexample, if the wireless device 100, 200 is connected to the two AMFs155, 255 belonging to different PLMN via 3GPP access and non-3GPPaccess. The new AMF 855 may indicate the PDU session status to thewireless device 100, 200. The new AMF 855 may indicate the PDU sessionstatus to the wireless device 100, 200, for example, if the PDU sessionstatus information is in the registration request. The mapping of theallowed NSSAI may be, for example, the mapping of each S-NSSAI of theallowed NSSAI to the S-NSSAIs of the configured NSSAI for the HPLMN. Thenew AMF 855 may include, in the registration accept message 955, theLADN information for LADNs that are or may be available within theregistration area determined by the new AMF 855 for the wireless device100, 200. The new AMF 855 may indicate whether MICO mode may be used.The new AMF 855 may indicate whether MICO mode may be used, for example,if the wireless device 100, 200 includes MICO mode in the request. Thenew AMF 855 may set the IMS voice over PS session supported indication.The new AMF 855 may perform a wireless device/RAN radio information andcompatibility request procedure. The new AMF 855 may perform a wirelessdevice/RAN radio information and compatibility request procedure, forexample, to check the compatibility of the wireless device 100, 200 andRAN radio capabilities related to IMS voice over PS to set the IMS voiceover PS session supported indication. The emergency service supportindicator may inform the wireless device 100, 200 that emergencyservices are supported (e.g., the wireless device 100, 200 may requestPDU session for emergency services.) The handover restriction list andwireless device-AMBR may be provided, to RAN 105, 205, by the new AMF855.

The wireless device 100, 200 may send a registration complete message960 to the new AMF 855. The wireless device 100, 200 may send theregistration complete message 960 to the new AMF 855, for example, toacknowledge that a new GUTI (e.g., 5G-GUTI) has been assigned. The newAMF 855 may release the signaling connection with the wireless device100, 200. The new AMF 855 may release the signaling connection with thewireless device 100, 200, for example, if information about the PDUsession(s) to be re-activated is not included in the registrationrequest. The new AMF 855 may not release the signaling connection afterthe completion of the registration procedure. The new AMF 855 may notrelease the signaling connection after the completion of theregistration procedure, for example, if the follow-on request isincluded in the registration request. The new AMF 855 may not releasethe signaling connection after the completion of the registrationprocedure, for example, if the new AMF 855 is aware that some signalingis pending in the new AMF 855 or between the wireless device 100, 200and the CN (e.g., 5GC).

FIG. 10 and FIG. 11 show an example call flow for a service requestprocedure. As shown in FIG. 10 , a service request procedure (e.g., awireless device 100 triggered service request procedure) may be used bya wireless device 100, 200 in a CM-IDLE state, for example, to requestthe establishment of a secure connection to an AMF 155, 255. FIG. 11shows a service request procedure that may be a continuation of FIG. 10. The service request procedure may be used, for example, to activate auser plane connection for an established PDU session. The servicerequest procedure may be triggered by the wireless device 100, 200 orthe CN (e.g., 5GC). The service request procedure may be used, forexample, if the wireless device 100, 200 is in the CM-IDLE state and/orin the CM-CONNECTED state. The service request procedure may, forexample, selectively allow activation of user plane connections for someof the established PDU sessions.

A wireless device 100, 200 in the CM-IDLE state may initiate the servicerequest procedure. A wireless device 100, 200 in the CM-IDLE state mayinitiate the service request procedure, for example, to send uplinksignaling messages, user data, and/or the like, as a response to anetwork paging request, and/or the like. The wireless device 100, 200may send the service request 1005 to a RAN 105, 205. The RAN may forwardthe service request 1010 to the AMF 155, 255. The AMF 155, 255 mayperform authentication. The AMF 155, 255 may perform authentication, forexample, after receiving the service request message 1010. The wirelessdevice 100, 200 and/or a network device may send one or more messages(e.g., PDU session establishment from the wireless device 100, 200 to aSMF 160, 260) via the AMF 155, 255, for example, after the establishmentof the signaling connection to the AMF 155, 255.

The AMF 155, 255 may respond, to the service request, with a serviceaccept message. The AMF 155, 255 may respond with a service acceptmessage, for example, to synchronize PDU session status between thewireless device 100, 200 and network. The AMF 155, 255 may respond witha service reject message to the wireless device 100, 200, for example,if the service request is not accepted by the network. The servicereject message may include an indication and/or cause code requestingthe wireless device 100, 200 to perform a registration update procedure.A network device (e.g., the CN) may perform one or more operations for aservice request (e.g., based on user data). The network may take performone or more operations for a service request, for example, if the userplane connection activation is unsuccessful. As shown in FIG. 10 andFIG. 11 , more than one UPF (e.g., New UPF 1002, old UPF 1004, and PDUsession Anchor PSA UPF 1006) may be involved in one or more operationsrelating to the service requests.

The wireless device 100, 200 may send, to the RAN 105, 205, an ANmessage. The AN message may comprise, for example, AN parameters,mobility management, MM NAS service request (e.g., list of PDU sessionsto be activated, list of allowed PDU sessions, security parameters, PDUsession status, and/or the like), and/or the like. The wireless device100, 200 may provide the list of PDU sessions that may be activated, forexample, if the wireless device 100, 200 re-activates the PDUsession(s). The list of allowed PDU sessions may be provided by thewireless device 100, 200. The list of allowed PDU sessions may beprovided by the wireless device 100, 200, for example, if the servicerequest may be a response of a paging or a NAS notification. The list ofallowed PDU sessions may indicate (e.g., identify) the PDU sessions thatmay be transferred and/or associated to the access on which the servicerequest may be sent. The AN parameters may include a selected PLMN IDand/or an establishment cause for the RAN. The establishment cause mayprovide a reason for requesting the establishment of an RRC connection.The wireless device 100, 200 may send a NAS service request message1005, encapsulated in an RRC message to the RAN 105, 205, towards theAMF 155, 255.

The wireless device 100, 200 may indicate (e.g., identify), using thelist of PDU sessions to be activated, the PDU session(s) for which theUP connections are to be activated in the NAS service request message.The wireless device 100, 200 may indicate (e.g., identify) the PDUsession(s) for which the UP connections are to be activated in the NASservice request message, for example, if the service request istriggered for user data. The wireless device 100, 200 may not indicate(e.g., identify) any PDU session(s). The wireless device 100, 200 maynot indicate (e.g., identify) any PDU session(s), for example, if theservice request is triggered for signaling. The wireless device 100, 200may indicate (e.g., identify) the PDU session(s) having UP connectionsthat may be activated in a MM NAS service request message. The wirelessdevice 100, 200 may indicate (e.g., identify) the PDU session(s) havingUP connections that may be activated, for example, by a list of PDUsessions to be activated if the identification procedure is triggeredfor a paging response, and/or if the wireless device 100, 200 has (e.g.,at the same time) user data to be transferred.

The NAS service request message 1005 may indicate (e.g., identify), inthe list of allowed PDU sessions, the list of PDU sessions associatedwith the non-3GPP access that may be re-activated over 3GPP. The NASservice request message 1005 may indicate (e.g., identify) the list ofPDU sessions associated with the non-3GPP access that may bere-activated over 3GPP, for example, if the service request over 3GPPaccess is triggered in response to a paging indicating non-3GPP access.The PDU session status may indicate the PDU sessions available to thewireless device 100, 200. The wireless device 100, 200 may not triggerthe service request procedure for a PDU session corresponding to a LADN.The wireless device 100, 200 may not trigger the service requestprocedure for a PDU session corresponding to a LADN, for example, if thewireless device 100, 200 is outside the area of availability of theLADN. The wireless device 100, 200 may not indicate (e.g., identify)such PDU session(s) in the list of PDU sessions to be activated. Thewireless device 100, 200 may not indicate (e.g., identify) such PDUsession(s) in the list of PDU sessions to be activated, for example, ifthe service request is triggered for other reasons.

The RAN 105, 205 may send an N2 service request message 1010 (e.g., aservice request) to the AMF 155, 255. The N2 service request message1010, for example, may comprise N2 parameters, a MM NAS service request,and/or the like. The AMF 155, 255 may reject the N2 message. The AMF155, 255 may reject the N2 message, for example, if the AMF 155, 255 isunable to handle the service request. The N2 parameters may include, forexample, the GUTI (e.g., 5G-GUTI), selected PLMN ID, locationinformation, RAT type, establishment cause, and/or the like, forexample, if the RAN 105, 205 (e.g., NG-RAN) is used. The GUTI (e.g.,5G-GUTI) may be obtained in an RRC procedure. The RAN 105, 205 mayselect the AMF 155, 255 based on or according to the GUTI (e.g.,5G-GUTI). The location information and/or the RAT type may relate to thecell in which the wireless device 100, 200 may be communicating (e.g.,camping on). The AMF 155, 255 may initiate a PDU session releaseprocedure. The AMF 155, 255 may initiate a PDU session releaseprocedure, for example, in the network for the PDU sessions that havePDU session ID(s) that are indicated by the wireless device 100, 200(e.g., based on the PDU session status) as not available.

The AMF 155, 255 may initiate a NAS authentication/security procedure1015. The AMF 155, 255 may initiate a NAS authentication/securityprocedure 1015, for example, if the service request is not integrityprotected or if integrity protection verification failed. The wirelessdevice 100, 200 and the network may exchange NAS signaling based on orafter successful establishment of the signaling connection. The wirelessdevice 100, 200 and the network may exchange NAS signaling, for example,if the wireless device 100, 200 triggers the service request toestablish a signaling connection. The AMF 155, 255 may send, to the SMF160, 260, a PDU session update context request 1020 (e.g.,Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext request comprising PDU session ID(s),cause(s), wireless device location information, access type, and/or thelike).

The context request 1020 (e.g., Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext) may beinvoked by the AMF 155. The context request 1020 may be invoked, forexample, if the wireless device 100, 200 indicated (e.g., identifies)PDU session(s) to be activated in the NAS service request message. Thecontext request 1020 (e.g., Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext request) maybe triggered by the SMF 160, 260. The PDU session(s) indicated (e.g.,identified) by the wireless device 100 may correlate to PDU sessionID(s) other than the PDU session that may be triggering the procedure.The current wireless device location may be outside the area of validityfor the N2 information provided by the SMF 160, for example, during anetwork triggered service request procedure. The AMF 155, 255 may notsend the N2 information provided by the SMF 160, 260, for example,during the network triggered service request procedure.

The AMF 155, 255 may determine the PDU session(s) to be activated. TheAMF 155, 255 may send a context request 1020 (e.g.,Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext request) to the SMF 160, 260 associatedwith the PDU session(s). The cause may indicate the establishment ofuser plane resources for the PDU session(s).

The AMF 155, 255 may notify the SMF 160, 260 that the user plane for thePDU session may not be re-activated. The AMF 155, 255 may notify the SMF160, 260 that the user plane for the PDU session may not bere-activated, for example, if the procedure is triggered based on or inresponse to paging indicating non-3GPP access and/or if the list ofallowed PDU sessions provided by the wireless device 100 does notinclude the PDU session for which the wireless device 100, 200 waspaged. The service request procedure may succeed without re-activatingthe user plane of any PDU sessions. The AMF 155, 255 may notify thewireless device 100, 200 that the request procedure has succeeded (e.g.,without re-activating the user plane of any PDU sessions).

The SMF 160, 260 may determine to keep the PDU session. The SMF 160, 260may determine to keep the PDU session, for example, based on localpolicies and/or based on the wireless device location reporting from theAMF 155, 255, for example, if the PDU session ID corresponds to a LADNand/or if the SMF 160, 260 determines that the wireless device 100, 200is outside the area of availability of the LADN. The SMF 160, 260 mayreject the activation of a user plane connection. The SMF 160, 260 mayreject the activation of a user plane connection, for example, for thePDU session. The SMF 160, 260 may inform the AMF 155, 255 of thedetermination that the wireless device 100, 200 is outside the area ofavailability of the LADN. The SMF 160, 260 may notify the new UPF 1002that originated the data notification to discard downlink data for thePDU sessions and/or not to provide further data notification messages.The SMF 160, 260 may notify the new UPF 1002 that originated the datanotification to discard downlink data for the PDU sessions and/or not toprovide further data notification messages, for example, if theprocedure is triggered by a network triggered service request. The SMF160, 260 may respond to the AMF 155, 255 with an appropriate rejectcause, and the user plane activation of PDU session may be stopped.

The SMF 160, 260 may determine to release the PDU session. The SMF 160,260 may determine to release the PDU session, for example, based onlocal policies and/or based on the wireless device 100, 200 locationreporting from the AMF 155, 255. The SMF 160, 260 may determine torelease the PDU session, for example, if the PDU session ID correspondsto a LADN and/or if the SMF 160, 260 determines that the wireless device100, 200 is outside the area of availability of the LADN. The SMF 160,260 may locally release the PDU session and/or may inform the AMF 155,255 that the PDU session may be released. The SMF 160, 260 may respond,to the AMF 155, 255, with an appropriate reject cause. The user planeactivation of the PDU session may be stopped. The user plane activationof the PDU session may be stopped, for example, based on or in responseto the reject cause.

The SMF 160, 260 may check the UPF Selection 1025 criteria. The SMF 160,260 may check the UPF Selection 1025 criteria, for example, based on thelocation information received from the AMF 155, 255, (e.g., sliceisolation requirements, slice coexistence requirements, UPF's dynamicload, UPF's relative static capacity among UPFs supporting the same DNN,UPF location available at the SMF 160, 260, wireless device 100, 200location information, capability of the UPF and the functionalityrequired for the particular wireless device 100, 200 session) if the UPactivation of the PDU session is accepted by the SMF 160, 260. Theappropriate UPF may be selected, for example, by matching thefunctionality and features required for a wireless device 100, 200, DNN,PDU session type (e.g., IPv4, IPv6, ethernet type or unstructured type)and/or, if applicable, the static IP address/prefix, SSC mode selectedfor the PDU session, wireless device 100, 200 subscription profile inUDM 140, 240, DNAI as included in the PCC rules, local operatorpolicies, S-NSSAI, access technology being used by the wireless device100, 200, UPF logical topology, and/or the like. The SMF may determineto continue using the current UPF(s). The SMF may determine to select anew UPF 1002 (or add/remove an intermediate UPF). The SMF may determineto select a new UPF 1002, for example, if the wireless device 100, 200has moved out of the service area of an old UPF 1004 that was previouslyconnecting to the RAN 105, 205 and maintaining the UPF(s) acting as PDUsession anchor. The SMF may trigger re-establishment of the PDU session.The SMF may trigger re-establishment of the PDU session, for example, toperform relocation/reallocation of the UPF acting as PDU session anchor(e.g., the wireless device 100, 200 has moved out of the service area ofthe anchor UPF 110, 210 that is connecting to RAN 105, 205).

The SMF 160, 260 may send an N4 session establishment request message1030 to the new UPF 1002 (e.g., new intermediate UPF). The N4 sessionestablishment request message 1030 may be sent to the new UPF 1002. TheN4 session establishment request message 1030 may provide, for example,packet detection, data forwarding, enforcement, and reporting rules tobe installed on the new UPF 1002, if the SMF 160, 260 selects a new UPF1002 to act as an intermediate UPF for the PDU session or if the SMF160, 260 selects to insert an intermediate UPF for a PDU session whichmay not have an intermediate UPF. The PDU session anchor addressinginformation (on N9) for the PDU session may be provided to the new UPF1002 (e.g., new intermediate UPF).

The SMF 160, 260 may include a data forwarding indication. The SMF 160,260 may include a data forwarding indication, for example, if a new UPF1002 is selected by the SMF 160, 260 to replace the old (intermediate)UPF 1004. The data forwarding indication may indicate, to the new UPF1002, that a second tunnel endpoint may be reserved for buffered DL datafrom the old UPF 1004.

The new UPF 1002 (e.g., new intermediate UPF) may send an N4 sessionestablishment response message 1030 to the SMF 160, 260. The new UPF1002 may provide DL CN tunnel info for the new UPF 1002 and UL CN tunnelinfo (e.g., CN N3 tunnel info) to the SMF 160, 260. The new UPF 1002 mayprovide DL CN tunnel info for the new UPF 1002 and UL CN tunnel info(e.g., CN N3 tunnel info) to the SMF 160, 260, for example, if the newUPF 1002 may allocate CN tunnel information. The new UPF 1002 (e.g., newintermediate UPF), acting as N3 terminating point, may send the DL CNtunnel info for the old UPF 1004 (e.g., old intermediate UPF) to the SMF160, 260. The new UPF 1002 (e.g., new intermediate UPF), acting as N3terminating point, may send the DL CN tunnel info for the old UPF 1004(e.g., old intermediate UPF) to the SMF 160, 260 if the data forwardingindication is received. The SMF 160, 260 may start a timer, for example,to release the resource in the old intermediate UPF 1004.

The SMF 160, 260 may send an N4 session modification request message1035 to a PDU session anchor, PSA UPF 1006. The N4 session modificationrequest message 1035 may provide, for example, the data forwardingindication and/or the DL tunnel information from the new UPF 1002, ifthe SMF 160 selects the new UPF 1002 for the PDU session or removes theold UPF 1004. The PSA UPF 1006 may send or begin to send the downlinkdata 1040 to the new UPF 1002, such as indicated in the DL tunnelinformation. PSA UPF 1006 may send or begin to send the downlink data1040 to the new UPF 1002, for example, if the new UPF 1002 is added forthe PDU session.

The SMF 160, 260 may include the data forwarding indication in a servicerequest. The SMF 160, 260 may include the data forwarding indication ina service request, for example, if the service request is triggered bythe network and/or if the SMF 160, 260 removes the old UPF 1004 and doesnot replace the old UPF 1004 with the new UPF 1002. The data forwardingindication may indicate, to the PSA UPF 1006 that a second tunnelendpoint may be reserved for buffered DL data from the old UPF 1004. ThePSA UPF 1006 may buffer or begin to buffer the downlink data it receivesfrom the N6 interface.

The PSA UPF 1006 may send an N4 session modification response 1035 tothe SMF 160, 260. The PSA UPF 1006 may become, for example, an N3terminating point. The PSA UPF 1006 may send CN DL tunnel information,for the old UPF 1004 (e.g., old intermediate UPF) to the SMF 160, 260,for example, if the data forwarding indication is received. The SMF 160,260 may start a timer, for example, to release the resource in old UPF1004.

The PSA UPF 1006 may send downlink data 1040 to the new UPF 1002. TheSMF 160, 260 may send an N4 session modification request message 1045(e.g., new UPF address, new UPF DL tunnel ID, and/or the like) to theold UPF 1004. The SMF 160, 260 may send the N4 session modificationrequest message 1045 to the old UPF 1004. The SMF 160, 260 may providethe DL tunnel information for the buffered downlink data, for example,if the service request is triggered by the network and/or if the SMF160, 260 removes the old UPF 1004. The DL tunnel information may be fromthe new UPF 1002 and/or may act as an N3 terminating point. The DLtunnel information may be from the new UPF 1002 and/or may act as an N3terminating point, for example, if the SMF 160, 260 allocates a new UPF1002. The DL tunnel information may be from the PSA UPF 1006, acting asN3 terminating point. The DL tunnel information may be from the PSA UPF1006, acting as N3 terminating point, for example, if the SMF 160, 260does not allocate a new UPF 1002. The SMF 160, 260 may start a timer tomonitor the forwarding tunnel. The old UPF 1004 may send the N4 sessionmodification response message 1045 to the SMF 160, 260.

The old UPF 1004 may forward its buffered data 1055 (e.g., buffereddownlink data forwarding) to the new UPF 1002 acting as N3 terminatingpoint. The old UPF 1004 may forward its buffered data 1055 to the newUPF 1002 acting as N3 terminating point, for example, if the old UPF1004 is relocated and/or the forwarding tunnel was established to thenew UPF 1002. The old UPF 1004 may forward its buffered data 1050 (e.g.,buffered downlink data forwarding), to the PSA UPF 1006 acting as N3terminating point. The old UPF 1004 may forward its buffered data 1050,to the PSA UPF 1006 acting as N3 terminating point, for example, if theold UPF 1004 is removed, the new UPF 1002 is not assigned for the PDUsession, and the forwarding tunnel is established to the PSA UPF 1006.

The SMF 160 may send an N11 context response message 1060 to the AMF155, 255. The SMF 160 may send the N11 context response message 1060 tothe AMF 155, 255, for example, based on or after receipt of the contextrequest 1020, (e.g., Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext request) with acause (e.g., establishment of user plane resources). The contextresponse message 1060 may comprise a Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContextresponse. The Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext response may comprise: N1SM container (PDU session ID, PDU session re-establishment indication),N2 SM information (PDU session ID, QoS profile, CN N3 tunnel info,S-NSSAI), cause) The SMF 160, 260 may determine whether UPF reallocationmay be performed. The SMF 160, 260 may determine whether UPFreallocation may be performed, for example, based on the wireless device100, 200 location information, the UPF service area, and/or operatorpolicies. The SMF 160, 260 may generate N2 SM information. The SMF 160,260 may send an Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext response to the AMF 155,255. The SMF 160, 260 may send the Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContextresponse to the AMF 155, 255, for example, to establish the userplane(s) for a PDU session that the SMF 160, 260 may determine to beserved by the current UPF (e.g., PDU session anchor or intermediateUPF). The N2 SM information may contain information that the AMF 155,255 may provide to the RAN 105, 205. The SMF 160, 260 may reject theactivation of UP of the PDU session. The SMF 160, 260 may reject theactivation of UP of the PDU session, for example, by sending a contextrequest 1020 (e.g., Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext response) that maycontain an N1 SM container, to the wireless device 100, 200 via the AMF155, 255 for a PDU session that the SMF 160, 260 determines requires aUPF relocation for a PSA UPF 1006. The N1 SM container may include thecorresponding PDU session ID and PDU session re-establishmentindication.

The SMF 160, 260 may invoke an Namf_Communication_N1N2MessageTransferservice operation to the AMF 155, 255. The SMF 160, 260 may invoke theNamf_Communication_N1N2MessageTransfer service operation, for example,to establish the user plane(s) for the PDU sessions based on orafter/upon reception of the Namf_EventExposure_Notify from the AMF 155,255 to the SMF 160, 260. The Namf_EventExposure_Notify may have anindication that the wireless device 100, 200 is reachable, for example,if the SMF 160, 260 has pending DL data. The SMF 160, 260 may resumesending DL data notifications to the AMF 155, 255 for DL data.

The SMF 160, 260 may send a message, to the AMF 155, 255, to reject theactivation of UP of the PDU session. The SMF 160, 260 may reject theactivation of UP of the PDU session, for example, by including a causein the Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext response, if the PDU sessioncorresponds to a LADN and the wireless device 100, 200 is outside thearea of availability of the LADN. The SMF 160, 260 may reject theactivation of UP of the PDU session, for example, if the AMF 155, 255notifies the SMF 160, 260 that the wireless device 100, 200 may bereachable for regulatory prioritized service. The SMF 160, 260 mayreject the activation of UP of the PDU session, for example, if the PDUsession to be activated is not for a regulatory prioritized serviceand/or if the SMF 160, 260 determines to perform PSA UPF 1006 relocationfor the requested PDU session.

The AMF 155, 255 may send, to the RAN 105, 205, an N2 request message1065 (e.g., N2 SM information received from the SMF 160, 260, securitycontext, AMF 155, 255 signaling connection ID, handover restrictionlist, MM NAS service accept, list of recommended cells/TAs/NG-RAN nodeidentifiers). The RAN 105, 205 may store, for example, the securitycontext, AMF 155, 255 signaling connection ID, QoS information for theQoS flows of the PDU sessions that may be activated, and/or N3 tunnelIDs in the wireless device RAN context. The MM NAS service accept mayinclude the PDU session status in the AMF 155, 255. The MM NAS serviceaccept may include the PDU session ID and/or the reason why the userplane resources may not be activated (e.g., LADN not available). The MMNAS service accept may include the PDU session ID and/or the reason whythe user plane resources may not be activated, for example, if theactivation of the UP of a PDU session is rejected by the SMF 160, 260. Alocal PDU session release for the session request procedure may beindicated to the wireless device 100, 200 via the session status.

The AMF 155, 255 may not wait to receive responses from all the SMFs160, 260 before it sends the N2 SM information to the wireless device100, 200. The AMF 155, 255 may not wait to receive responses from allthe SMFs 160, 260 before it sends the N2 SM information to the wirelessdevice 100, 200, for example, if there are multiple PDU sessions thatmay involve multiple SMFs 160, 260. The AMF 155, 255 may wait for allresponses from the SMFs 160, 260 before it sends a MM NAS service acceptmessage to the wireless device 100, 200.

The AMF 155, 255 may include at least one N2 SM information from the SMF160, 260. The AMF 155, 255 may include at least one N2 SM informationfrom the SMF 160, 260, for example, if the procedure is triggered forthe PDU session user plane activation. The AMF 155, 255 may sendadditional N2 SM information, from the SMFs 160, 260, in separate N2message(s) (e.g., N2 tunnel setup request), if there is additional N2 SMinformation. The AMF 155, 255 may send one or more N2 request messagesto the RAN 105, 205. The AMF 155, 255 may send one or more N2 requestmessages to the RAN 105, for example, after all the context responsemessages 1060 are received from all the SMFs 160, 260 associated withthe wireless device 100, 200 (e.g., if there are multiple SMFs 160,260). The N2 request message 1065 may include the N2 SM informationreceived in each of the context response messages 1060 (e.g.,Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext responses) and PDU session IDs. The N2request message 1065 may include the N2 SM information received in eachof the context response messages 1060 and PDU session IDs, for example,to enable the AMF 155, 255 to associate responses to the relevant SMF160, 260 (e.g., if multiple SMFs 160, 260 are involved).

The AMF 155, 255 may include a list of recommended cells, TAs, and/orRAN (e.g., NG-RAN) node identifiers in the N2 request 1065. The AMF 155,255 may include a list of recommended cells, TAs, and/or RAN (e.g.,NG-RAN) node identifiers in the N2 request 1065, for example, if the RAN105, 205 (e.g., NG RAN) node provides the list of recommendedcells/TAs/NG-RAN node identifiers. The RAN 105, 205 may use theinformation from the N2 request, to allocate the RAN 105, 205notification area. The RAN 105, 205 may use the information from the N2request to allocate the RAN 105, 205 notification area, for example, ifthe RAN 105, 205 determines to enable the RRC inactive state for thewireless device 100, 200.

The AMF 155, 255 may include the wireless device's RRC inactiveassistance information. The AMF 155, 255 may include the wirelessdevice's RRC inactive assistance information, for example, if the AMF155, 255 receives an indication, from the SMF 160, 260 (e.g., during aPDU session establishment procedure), that the wireless device 100, 200is using a PDU session related to latency sensitive services for any ofthe PDU sessions established for the wireless device 100, 200, and/or ifthe AMF 155, 255 has received an indication from the wireless device100, 200 that supports the CM-CONNECTED with RRC inactive state. The AMF155, 255 may include the wireless device's RRC inactive assistanceinformation. The AMF 155, 255 may include the wireless device's RRCinactive assistance information, for example, based on networkconfiguration.

The RAN 105, 205 may send, to the wireless device 100, 200, a message toperform RRC connection reconfiguration 1070, with the wireless device100, 200. The RAN 105, 205 may send the message to perform RRCconnection reconfiguration 1070, for example, based on the QoSinformation, for all the QoS flows of the PDU sessions whose UPconnections are activated and data radio bearers. The user planesecurity may be established.

The RAN 105, 205 may send/forward the MM NAS service accept to thewireless device 100, 200. The RAN 105, 205 may send/forward the MM NASservice accept to the wireless device 100, 200, for example, if the N2request 1065 includes an MM NAS service accept message. The wirelessdevice 100, 200 may locally delete the context of PDU sessions that maynot be available in the CN (e.g., 5GC). The wireless device 100, 200 maysend uplink data 1075 to the RAN 105, 205, AMF 155, 255, and the PSA UPF1006.

The wireless device 100, 200 may initiate PDU session re-establishmentfor the PDU session(s) that may be re-established. The wireless device100, 200 may initiate PDU session re-establishment, for example, afterthe service request procedure is complete. The wireless device 100, 200may initiate PDU session re-establishment, for example, if the N1 SMinformation is sent (e.g., transmitted) to the wireless device 100 andindicates that some PDU session(s) may be re-established. The uplinkdata from the wireless device 100 may be sent/forwarded to the RAN 105,205. The uplink data from the wireless device 100 may be sent/forwardedto the RAN 105, 205, for example, after the user plane radio resourcesare setup. The RAN 105, 205 (e.g., NG-RAN) may send the uplink data tothe provided UPF address and the tunnel ID. The new UPF 1002 may beinserted and/or relocated as a new intermediate UPF for communications(e.g., uplink data 1075) between the AMF (or new UPF 1002) and the PSAUPF 1006. The new UPF 1002 may be removed. The AMF 1002 may communicate(e.g., send uplink data 1075) with the PSA UPF 1006, for example, afterthe new UPF 1002 may be removed.

As shown in FIG. 11 , the RAN 105, 205 may send an N2 request Ackmessage 1105 to the AMF 155, 255. The N2 request Ack message 1105 maycomprise N2 SM information. The N2 SM information may comprise, forexample, AN tunnel information, a list of accepted QoS flows for the PDUsessions whose UP connections are activated, and/or a list of rejectedQoS flows for the PDU sessions whose UP connections are activated. TheN2 request message 1065 may include N2 SM information(s) (e.g., ANtunnel information). The RAN 105, 205 may respond to the N2 SMinformation by sending a separate N2 message (e.g., N2 tunnel setupresponse). The N2 request Ack message 1105 may comprise, for example,multiple N2 SM information and/or information to enable the AMF 155, 255to associate the responses to an SMF 160, 260 (e.g., a relevant SMF 160,260), if multiple N2 SM information is included in the N2 requestmessage 1065.

The AMF 155, 255 may send, to the SMF 160, 260, anNsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext request message 1110 (e.g., N2 SMinformation, such as AN tunnel information, and RAT type) for each or atleast one PDU session. The AMF 155, 255 may send/forward the N2 SMinformation to the relevant SMF 160, 260. The AMF 155, 255 maysend/forward the N2 SM information to the relevant SMF 160, 260, forexample, if the AMF 155, 255 receives N2 SM information (one ormultiple) from the RAN 105, 205. The AMF 155, 255 may include thewireless device time zone (e.g., in the Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContextrequest message 1110). The AMF 155, 255 may include the wireless devicetime zone, for example, if the wireless device time zone changesrelative to a last reported wireless device time zone.

The SMF 160, 260 and PCF 135, 235 may perform session management policymodification 1115. The session management policy modification 1115 maycomprise, for example, updating and/or removal of session relatedpolicies. The SMF 160, 260 may send a notification containing newlocation information to the PCF 135, 235 (if subscribed). The SMF 160,260 may send a notification containing new location information to thePCF 135, 235, for example, if dynamic PCC is deployed, such as byinvoking an event exposure notification operation (e.g., aNsmf_EventExposure_Notify service operation). The PCF 135, 235 mayprovide updated policies. The PCF 135, 235 may provide updated policies,for example, by invoking a policy control update notification message(e.g., an Npcf_SMPolicyControl_UpdateNotify operation).

The SMF 160, 260 may initiate an N4 session modification procedure. TheSMF 160, 260 may initiate an N4 session modification procedure, forexample, by sending an N4 session modification request message 1120, tothe new UPF 1002. The SMF 160, 260 may provide, for example, AN tunnelinformation if the SMF 160, 260 selects a new UPF 1002 to act as anintermediate UPF for the PDU session. The new UPF 1102 may send an N4session modification response 1122 to the SMF 160. Downlink data 1125from the new UPF 1002 may be sent/forwarded to the RAN 105, 205 andwireless device 100, 200. The SMF 150, 250 may send an N4 sessionmodification request message 1130 to the PCF 135, 235. The PCF 135, 235may send an N4 session modification response message 1132 to the SMF160, 260. The PCF 135, 235 may send downlink data 1135 to the RAN 105,205. The wireless device 100, 200. The SMF 160, 260 may send anNsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext response 1140 to the AMF 155, 255.

The SMF 160, 260 may send an N4 session modification request 1145 to thenew UPF 1002 (e.g., new intermediate UPF) acting as an N3 terminatingpoint. The SMF 160, 260 may send an N4 session modification request 1145to the new UPF 1002 (e.g., new intermediate UPF) acting as an N3terminating point, for example, to release the forwarding tunnel, if theforwarding tunnel is established to the new UPF 1002 and/or if the timerset, by the SMF 160, 260, for forwarding tunnel is expired. The new UPF1002 (e.g., new intermediate UPF) may send an N4 session modificationresponse 1146 to the SMF 160, 260. The SMF 160, 260 may send an N4session modification request 1150 or an N4 session release request tothe PSA UPF 1006 and/or the old UPF 1004. The SMF 160, 260 may send anN4 Request 1155 comprising, for example, an N4 session modificationrequest or an N4 session release request. A N4 session modificationrequest, for example, may provide AN tunnel information, if the SMF 160,260 continues using the old UPF 1004. The SMF 160, 260 may initiateresource release. The SMF 160, 260 may initiate resource release, forexample, if the SMF 160, 260 selects a new UPF 1002 to act asintermediate UPF and if the old UPF 1004 may not be a PSA UPF 1006, bysending an N4 session release request (release cause) to the old UPF1004 after the timer expires.

The old UPF 1004 (e.g., old intermediate UPF) may send an N4 Response1156. The N4 Response 1156 may comprise, for example, a N4 sessionmodification response and/or an N4 session release response to the SMF160, 260. The old UPF 1004 may confirm the modification and/or releaseof resources with the N4 session modification response and/or the N4session release response message. The AMF 155, 255 may invoke anNamf_EventExposure_Notify service operation. The AMF 155, 255 may invokean Namf_EventExposure_Notify service, for example, to notify the NFs,that have subscribed to the events, of the mobility related events. TheAMF 155, 255 may invoke the Namf_EventExposure_Notify. The AMF 155, 255may invoke the Namf_EventExposure_Notify, for example, towards the SMF160, 260 (e.g., by sending one or more messages to the SMF 160, 260), ifthe SMF 160, 260 subscribed for notification of a wireless device 100,200 moving into or out of an area of interest and/or if the wirelessdevice's current location indicates that it may be moving into or movingout of the area of interest to which the wireless device may besubscribed. The AMF 155, 255 may invoke the Namf_EventExposure_Notify,for example, towards the SMF 160, 260 (e.g., sending one or moremessages to the SMF 160, 260), for example, if the SMF 160, 260subscribed for LADN DNN and/or if the wireless device 100, 200 may bemoving into or outside of an area where the LADN is available, and/or ifthe wireless device 100, 200 may be in MICO mode and the AMF 155, 255notified an SMF 160, 260 of the wireless device 100, 200 beingunreachable and that SMF 160, 260 may not be able to send DL datanotifications to the AMF 155, 255. The AMF 155, 255 may inform the SMF160, 260 that the wireless device 100, 200 may be or is reachable. TheAMF 155, 255 may inform the SMF 160, 260 if the SMF 160, 260 subscribedfor wireless device 100, 200 reachability status. Then the AMF 155, 255may, for example, notify the SMF 160, 260 of wireless device 100, 200reachability.

A PDU session establishment procedure is shown in FIG. 12 and FIG. 13 .A wireless device 100, 200 may send, to an AMF 155, 255, a NAS message1205 (e.g., PDU session establishment request message, SM NAS message).The NAS message 1205 may comprise, for example, NSSAI, S-NSSAI (e.g.,requested S-NSSAI, allowed S-NSSAI, subscribed S-NSSAI, and/or thelike), DNN, PDU session ID, request type, old PDU session ID, N1 SMcontainer (PDU session establishment request), and/or the like (e.g., ifthe PDU session establishment procedure is used). The wireless device100, 200 may generate a new PDU session ID. The wireless device 100, 200may generate a new PDU session ID, for example, to establish a new PDUsession. The wireless device 100, 200 may initiate the wireless device'srequested PDU session establishment procedure. The wireless device 100,200 may initiate the wireless device's requested PDU sessionestablishment procedure, for example, by sending a request typeindicating an emergency request, if emergency services are required andif an emergency PDU session may not already be established. The wirelessdevice 100 may initiate the wireless device's requested PDU sessionestablishment procedure. The wireless device 100 may initiate thewireless device's requested PDU session establishment procedure, forexample, by sending (e.g., transmitting) a NAS message containing a PDUsession establishment request within the N1 SM container. The PDUsession establishment request, may comprise, for example, a PDU type,SSC mode, protocol configuration options, and/or the like. The requesttype, for example, may indicate an initial request, for example, if thePDU session establishment is a request to establish the new PDU session.The request type may indicate an existing PDU session, for example, ifthe request refers to an existing PDU session between a 3GPP access anda non-3GPP access or to an existing PDN connection in EPC. The requesttype, for example, may indicate an emergency request, for example, ifthe PDU session establishment is a request to establish a PDU sessionfor emergency services. The request type, for example, may indicate anexisting emergency PDU session, for example, if the request refers to anexisting PDU session for emergency services between a 3GPP access and anon-3GPP access.

The NAS message 1205 sent by the wireless device 100, 200 may beencapsulated, by the AN, in an N2 message to the AMF 155, 255. The N2message to the AMF 155, 255 may comprise, for example, user locationinformation and/or access technology type information. The PDU sessionestablishment request message may comprise a SM PDU DN requestcontainer. The SM PDU DN request container may comprise information forthe PDU session authorization by the external DN. The wireless device100, 200 may include the old PDU session ID in the request message. Thewireless device 100, 200 may include the old PDU session ID in therequest message, for example, if the procedure may be triggered for SSCmode 3 operation. SSC mode 3 operation may indicate the PDU session IDof the on-going PDU session to be released, in the NAS message. The oldPDU session ID may be an optional parameter that may be included in thePDU session establishment request message. The AMF 155, 255 may receive,from the AN, the NAS message 1205 (e.g., NAS SM message). The NASmessage 1205, for example, may comprise the user location information(e.g., cell ID for the RAN 105, 205). The wireless device 100, 200 maynot trigger a PDU session establishment, for a PDU session correspondingto a LADN, for example, if the wireless device 100, 200 is outside thearea of availability of the LADN.

The AMF 155, 255 may determine that the NAS message or the SM NASmessage corresponds to the request for the new PDU session. The AMF 155,255 may determine that the NAS message or the SM NAS message correspondsto the request for the new PDU session, for example, based on a requesttype indicating initial request and/or based on whether the PDU sessionID may (or may not) be used for an/any existing PDU session(s) of thewireless device 100, 200. The AMF 155, 255 may determine a defaultS-NSSAI for the requested PDU session. The AMF 155, 255 may determine adefault S-NSSAI for the requested PDU session, for example, if the NASmessage does not contain an S-NSSAI, according to the wireless device100, 200 subscription, if it contains only one default S-NSSAI, and/orbased on operator policy. The AMF 155, 255 may perform SMF selection1210 to select an SMF 160, 260. The AMF 155, 255 may store anassociation of the S-NSSAI, the PDU session ID, and an SMF ID. The AMF155, 255 may store an association of the S-NSSAI, the PDU session ID,and an SMF ID, for example, if the request type may indicate an initialrequest and/or if the request may be due to handover from an EvolvedPacket System (EPS). The AMF 155, 255 may select the SMF 160, 260. TheAMF 155, 255 may store an association of the new PDU session ID and/orthe selected SMF ID. The AMF 155, 255 may select the SMF 160, 260 andmay store an association of the new PDU session ID and the selected SMFID, for example, if the request type is an initial request and/or if theold PDU session ID indicates the existing PDU session is (or may be)contained in the message.

The AMF 155, 255 may send, to the SMF 160, 260, an N11 message 1215(e.g., Nsmf_PDUS_ession_CreateSMContext request orNsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext request). TheNsmf_PDUSession_CreateSMContext request, for example, may comprise SUPIor PEI, DNN, S-NSSAI, PDU session ID, AMF ID, request type, N1 SMcontainer (PDU session establishment request), user locationinformation, access type, PEI, and/or GPSI. TheNsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext request, for example, may comprise SUPI,DNN, S-NSSAI, PDU session ID, AMF ID, request type, N1 SM container (PDUsession establishment request), user location information, access type,RAT type, and/or PEI. The AMF 155, 255 may invoke theNsmf_PDUSession_CreateSMContext request. The AMF 155, 255 may invoke theNsmf_PDUSession_CreateSMContext request, for example, if the AMF 155,255 may not have an association with the SMF 160, 260 for the PDUsession ID provided by the wireless device 100, 200 (e.g., if therequest type indicates initial request). The AMF 155, 255 may invoke theNsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext request. The AMF 155, 255 may invoke theNsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext request, for example, if the AMF 155,255 already has an association with an SMF 160, 260 for the PDU sessionID provided by the wireless device 100, 200 (e.g., if the request typeindicates an existing PDU session). The AMF ID may be the wirelessdevice's GUAMI, which may uniquely indicate (e.g., identify) the AMF155, 255 serving the wireless device 100, 200. The AMF 155, 255 mayforward the PDU session ID with the N1 SM container containing the PDUsession establishment request received from the wireless device 100,200. The AMF 155, 255 may provide the PEI instead of the SUPI. The AMF155, 255 may provide the PEI instead of the SUPI, for example, if thewireless device 100, 200 has registered for emergency services withoutproviding the SUPI. The AMF 155, 255 may indicate that the SUPI has notbeen authenticated. The AMF 155, 255 may indicate that the SUPI has notbeen authenticated, for example, if the wireless device 100, 200 hasregistered for emergency services and has not been authenticated.

The SMF 160, 260 may perform registration and subscription retrieval andupdate 1225 with the UDM 140, 240. The SMF 160, 260 may retrieve thesubscription data. The SMF 160, 260 may subscribe to be notified, forexample, if subscription data is modified. The SMF 160, 260 may retrievethe subscription data (and subscribe to be notified if subscription datais modified), for example, if the request type indicates neitheremergency request nor existing emergency PDU session, if the SMF 160,260 is not yet registered, and/or if the subscription data is not (ormay not be) available. The SMF 160, 260 may determine that the requestmay be due to a handover between 3GPP access and non-3GPP access or dueto a handover from EPS. The SMF 160, 260 may determine that the requestmay be due to a handover between 3GPP access and non-3GPP access, or dueto a handover from the EPS, for example, if the request type indicatesan existing PDU session or an existing emergency PDU session. The SMF160, 260 may indicate (e.g., identify) the existing PDU session based onthe PDU session ID. The SMF 160, 260 may not create a new SM context.The SMF 160, 260 may instead update the existing SM context and/orprovide the representation of the updated SM context to the AMF 155, 255in the response. The SMF 160, 260 may indicate (e.g., identify) theexisting PDU session to be released. The SMF 160, 260 may indicate(e.g., identify) the existing PDU session to be released, for example,based on the old PDU session ID, if the request type is an initialrequest, and/or if the old PDU session ID may be included in theNsmf_PDUSession_CreateSMContext request.

The SMF 160, 260 may send, to the AMF 155, 255, a N11 message response1220. The N11 response message 1220 may comprise, for example, a PDUsession create/update response, a Nsmf_PDUSession_CreateSMContextresponse (cause, SM context ID or N1 SM container (PDU sessionreject(cause)), or an Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext response. The SMF160, 260 may select a UPF 110. The SMF 160, 260 may trigger a PDUsession establishment authentication/authorization 1230. The SMF 160,260 may select a UPF 110 (and may trigger the PDU session establishmentauthentication/authorization 1230), for example, if the SMF 160, 260performs secondary authorization/authentication, for example, during theestablishment of the PDU session by the DN 115 (e.g., DN-AAA server).

The SMF 160, 260 may select an SSC mode for the PDU session. The SMF160, 260 may select an SSC mode for the PDU session, for example, if therequest type indicates an initial request. The SMF 160, 260 may selectone or more UPFs as needed. The SMF 160, 260 may allocate an IPaddress/prefix for the PDU session. The SMF 160, 260 may allocate the IPaddress/prefix for the PDU session, for example, based on the PDU type(e.g., IPv4 or IPv6). The SMF 160, 260 may allocate an interfaceidentifier to the wireless device 100, 200 for the wireless device 100,200. The SMF 160, 260 may allocate an interface identifier to thewireless device 100, 200 for the wireless device 100, 200, for example,to build its link-local address if the PDU type is IPv6. The SMF 160,260 may allocate an IPv6 prefix for the PDU session and N6point-to-point tunneling (based on UDP/IPv6). The SMF 160, 260 mayallocate an IPv6 prefix for the PDU session and N6 point-to-pointtunneling, for example, if the PDU type is unstructured.

The SMF 160, 260 may perform PCF selection 1235. The SMF 160, 260 mayperform PCF selection 1235, for example, if dynamic PCC is deployed. TheSMF 160, 260 may use the PCF 135, 235 already selected for the PDUsession. The SMF 160, 260 may use the PCF 135, 235 already selected forthe PDU session, for example, if the request type indicates an existingPDU session or an existing emergency PDU session. The SMF 160, 260 mayuse local policy. The SMF 160, 260 may use local policy, for example, ifdynamic PCC is not deployed.

The SMF 160, 260 may perform a session management policy establishmentprocedure 1240. The SMF 160, 260 may perform the session managementpolicy establishment procedure 1240, for example, to establish a PDUsession with the PCF 135, 235. The session management policyestablishment procedure 1240 may receive/retrieve, for example, thedefault PCC Rules for the PDU session from the UDM 140, 240. The GPSI,may be included, if available, at the SMF 160, 260. The SMF 160, 260 maynotify an event previously subscribed to by the PCF 135, 235 with asession management policy modification procedure. The PCF 135, 235 mayupdate policy information in the SMF 160, 260. The PCF 135, 235 mayupdate policy information in the SMF 160, 260, for example, if therequest type in the N11 message 1215 indicates an existing PDU session.The PCF 135, 235 may provide authorized session-AMBR, the authorized5QI, and/or ARP to the SMF 160, 260. The PCF 135, 235 may subscribe tothe IP allocation/release event in the SMF 160, 260 (and/or maysubscribe to other events). The PCF 135, 235 may set the ARP of the PCCrules to a value that may be reserved for emergency services, forexample, based on the emergency DNN.

The SMF 160, 260 may select an SSC mode for the PDU session. The SMF160, 260 may select an SSC mode for the PDU session, for example, if therequest type in the N11 message 1215 indicates an initial request. TheSMF 160, 260 may, for example, select, during UPF selection 1245, one ormore UPFs as needed. The SMF 160, 260, for example, may allocate an IPaddress/prefix for the PDU session for PDU type IPv4 or IPv6. The SMF160, 260 may allocate an interface identifier to the wireless device100, 200. The SMF 160, 260 may allocate an interface identifier to thewireless device 100, 200, for example, for the wireless device 100, 200to build its link-local address for PDU type IPv6. The SMF 160, 260 mayallocate an IPv6 prefix for the PDU session and N6 point-to-pointtunneling (e.g., based on UDP/IPv6) for an unstructured PDU type. A MACand an IP address may not be allocated, for example, by the SMF 160,260, to the wireless device 100, 200, for the PDU session for anEthernet PDU type PDU session.

The SMF 160, 260 may maintain the same IP address/prefix that may beallocated to the wireless device 100 in the source network. The SMF 160,260 may maintain the same IP address/prefix that may be allocated to thewireless device 100 in the source network, for example, if the requesttype in the N11 message 1215 is an existing PDU session. The SMF 160,260 may maintain the SSC mode of the PDU session (e.g., the current PDUsession Anchor and IP address). The SMF 160, 260 may maintain the SSCmode of the PDU session, for example, if the request type in the N11message 1215 indicates an existing PDU session referring to an existingPDU session moved between 3GPP access and non-3GPP access. The SMF 160,260 may trigger new intermediate UPF insertion or allocation of a newUPF 110. The SMF 160 may select the UPF 110, 210 and/or select SSC mode1, for example, if the request type indicates emergency request.

The SMF 160, 260 may perform a session management policy modificationprocedure 1250. The SMF 160, 260 may perform a session management policymodification procedure 1250, for example, to report an event to the PCF135, 235 that has previously subscribed. The SMF 160, 260 may send tothe PCF 135, 235 (that may have been previously subscribed) anindication/notification of the allocated wireless device IPaddress/prefix. The SMF 160, 260 may send to the PCF 135, 235 (that haspreviously subscribed) an indication/notification of the allocatedwireless device IP address/prefix, for example, if the request type isan initial request, if dynamic PCC is deployed, and if the PDU type isIPv4 or IPv6. The PCF 135, 235 may provide one or more updated policiesto the SMF 160, 260. The PCF 135 may provide authorized session-AMBR,the authorized 5QI, and/or the ARP to the SMF 160, 260.

The SMF 160, 260 may initiate an N4 session establishment/modificationprocedure 1255 with the selected UPF 110, 210. The SMF 160, 260 mayinitiate an N4 session establishment/modification procedure 1255, forexample, if the request type indicates an initial request. The N4session establishment procedure 1255 may comprise an N4establishment/modification request and/or an N4establishment/modification response. The SMF 160, 260 may initiate theN4 session modification procedure 1255. The SMF 160, 260 may initiatethe N4 session modification procedure 1255, for example, with theselected UPF 110, 210. The SMF 160, 260 may send an N4 sessionestablishment/modification request to the UPF 110, 210, for example, forthe PDU session. The SMF 160, 260 may provide packet detection,enforcement, reporting rules, and/or the like to be installed on the UPF110, 210, for example, for the PDU session. The CN tunnel informationmay be provided to the UPF 110, 210. The CN tunnel information may beprovided to the UPF 110, 210, for example, if the CN tunnel informationis allocated by the SMF 160, 260. The SMF 160, 260 may determine aninactivity timer and/or may provide the inactivity timer to the UPF 110,210. The SMF 160, 260 may determine the inactivity timer and/or mayprovide the inactivity timer to the UPF 110, 210, for example, ifselective user plane deactivation is required for the PDU session. TheUPF 110, 210 may acknowledge the inactivity timer. The UPF 110, 210 mayacknowledge the inactivity timer, for example, by sending an N4 sessionestablishment/modification response. CN tunnel information may beprovided to SMF 160, 260. CN tunnel information may be provided to SMF160, 260, for example, if CN tunnel information is allocated by the UPF.The SMF 160, 260 may initiate the N4 session establishment/modificationprocedure 1255 with each UPF 110, 210 of the PDU session. The SMF 160,260 may initiate the N4 session establishment/modification procedure1255 with one or more (or each) UPF 110, 210 of the PDU session, forexample, if multiple UPFs are selected for the PDU session.

As shown in FIG. 13 , the SMF 160, 260 may send, to the AMF 155, 255, anNamf_Communication_N1N2MessageTransfer 1305 message. TheNamf_Communication_N1N2MessageTransfer message 1305, for example, maycomprise the PDU session ID, access type, N2 SM information (PDU sessionID, QFI(s), QoS profile(s), CN tunnel info, S-NSSAI, session-AMBR, PDUsession type, and/or the like), and N1 SM container (PDU sessionestablishment accept (QoS Rule(s), selected SSC mode, S-NSSAI, allocatedIPv4 address, interface identifier, session-AMBR, selected PDU sessiontype, and/or the like)). The CN tunnel information may comprise tunnelinformation for the UPF 110, 210 that terminates N3, for example, ifmultiple UPFs are used for the PDU session. The N2 SM information maycarry information that the AMF 155, 255 may forward to the RAN 105, 205(e.g., the CN tunnel information corresponding to the core networkaddress of the N3 tunnel corresponding to the PDU session; one ormultiple QoS profiles and the corresponding QFIs may be provided to theRAN 105; the PDU session ID may be used by AN signaling with thewireless device 100, 200 to indicate to the wireless device 100, 200 theassociation between AN resources and a PDU session for the wirelessdevice 100, 200; and/or the like). A PDU session may be associated to anS-NSSAI and a DNN. The N1 SM container may comprise the PDU sessionestablishment accept. The AMF 155, 255 may provide the PDU sessionestablishment accept to the wireless device 100, 200. Multiple QoS rulesand/or QoS profiles may be included within the N1 SM and in the N2 SMinformation and/or in the PDU session establishment accept. TheNamf_Communication_N1N2MessageTransfer 1305 may comprise the PDU sessionID and/or information allowing the AMF 155, 255 to know which access touse for the wireless device.

The AMF 155, 255 may send, to the RAN 105, 205, an N2 PDU sessionrequest 1310. The N2 PDU session request 1310 may comprise N2 SMinformation, NAS message (e.g., PDU session ID, N1 SM container (PDUsession establishment accept, and/or the like)). The AMF 155, 255 maysend a NAS message. The NAS message may comprise the PDU session ID, thePDU session establishment accept targeted to the wireless device 100,200, and the N2 SM information received from the SMF 160, 260 within theN2 PDU session request 1310 to the RAN 105, 205.

The RAN 105, 205 may issue an AN specific signaling exchange 1315 (e.g.,AN specific resource setup) with the wireless device 100, 200. The RAN105, 205 may issue an AN specific signaling exchange 1315 (e.g., ANspecific resource setup) with the wireless device 100, 200, for example,that may be related to the information received from the SMF 160, 260.An RRC connection reconfiguration procedure may be performed by thewireless device 100, 200 and the RAN 105, 205. The RRC connectionreconfiguration procedure may be performed, for example, to establishthe necessary RAN 105, 205 resources related to the QoS Rules for the N2PDU session request 1310 for a RAN 105, 205 (e.g., 3GPP RAN). The RAN105, 205 may allocate RAN N3 tunnel information for the PDU session. Themaster RAN 105, 205 node may assign some (e.g., zero or more) QFIs to besetup to a master RAN 105, 205 node. The master RAN 105, 205 node mayassign one or more other QFIs to a secondary RAN 105, 205 node, forexample, for dual connectivity. The AN tunnel information may comprise atunnel endpoint for each involved RAN 105, 205 node and the QFIsassigned to each tunnel endpoint. A QFI may be assigned to either themaster RAN 105, 205 node or the secondary RAN 105, 205 node. The RAN105, 205 may send/forward the N2 PDU Session Request 1310 (e.g., NASmessage, PDU session ID and N1 SM container (PDU session establishmentaccept)), for example, to the wireless device 100, 200. The RAN 105, 205may send/provide the NAS message to the wireless device 100, 200. TheRAN 105, 205 may send/provide the NAS message to the wireless device100, 200, for example, if the necessary RAN 105, 205 resources areestablished and if the allocation of RAN 105, 205 tunnel information issuccessful.

The N2 PDU session response 1320 (e.g., N2 PDU Session Request ACK) maycomprise a PDU session ID, cause, N2 SM information (e.g., PDU sessionID, AN tunnel info, and list of accepted/rejected QFI(s)), and/or thelike. The AN tunnel information may correspond to the access networkaddress of the N3 tunnel corresponding to the PDU session. The wirelessdevice 100, 200 may send first uplink data to the UPF 110, 210.

The AMF 155, 255 may forward the N2 SM information received from RAN105, 205, to the SMF 160, 260, via a Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContextrequest 1330. The Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext request 1330, maycomprise N2 SM information, request type, and/or the like. The SMF 160,260 may release the rejected QFI associated QoS profiles. The SMF 160,260 may release the rejected QFI associated QoS profiles, for example,if the list of rejected QFI(s) is included in N2 SM information.

The SMF 160, 260 may initiate an N4 session modification procedure 1335with the UPF 110, 210. The N4 session modification procedure 1335 maycomprise an N4 session modification request and/or an N4 sessionmodification response. The N4 session modification request may be sent,from the SMF 160, 260, to the UPF 110, 210. The N4 session modificationresponse may be sent, from the UPF 110, 210, to the SMF 160, 260. TheSMF 160, 260 may provide AN tunnel information and/or the correspondingforwarding rules to the UPF 110, 210. The UPF 110, 210 may provide an N4session modification response 1335 to the SMF 160, 260.

The SMF 160, 260 may send, to the AMF 155, 255, anNsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext response message 1340 (e.g., causemessage). The SMF 160, 260 may subscribe to the wireless device 100, 200mobility event notification, from the AMF 155, 255 (e.g., locationreporting and wireless device 100, 200 moving into or out of area ofinterest), by invoking an Namf_EventExposure_Subscribe serviceoperation. The SMF 160, 260 may subscribe, for LADN, to the wirelessdevice 100, 200 moving into or out of LADN service area eventnotification. The SMF 160, 260 may subscribe, for LADN, to the wirelessdevice 100, 200 moving into or out of LADN service area eventnotification, for example, by providing the LADN DNN as an indicator forthe area of interest. The AMF 155, 255 may forward relevant subscribedto events to the SMF 160, 260.

The SMF 160, 260 may send, to the AMF 155, 255, anNsmf_PDUSession_SMContextStatusNotify message 1345 (e.g., releasemessage). The SMF 160, 260 may inform the AMF 155, 255, that the PDUsession establishment is not successful. The SMF 160, 260 may inform theAMF 155, 255, that the PDU session establishment is not successful, forexample, by invoking Nsmf_PDUSession_SMContextStatusNotify 1345. The SMF160, 260 may release N4 session(s) created, PDU session addresses ifallocated (e.g., IP address), and association with the PCF 135, 235. TheSMF 160, 260 may generate an IPv6 router advertisement 1350 (e.g., IPv6router configuration), for PDU type IPv6. The SMF 160, 260 may send theIPv6 router advertisement 1350 to the wireless device 100, 200 via N4and/or the UPF 110, 210. The UPF 110, 210 may send first downlink data1355 to the wireless device 100, 200.

The SMF 160, 260 may unsubscribe 1360 (e.g., deregister) from themodification of session management subscription data. The SMF 160, 260may unsubscribe 1360 (e.g., deregister) from the modification of sessionmanagement subscription data, for example, for the corresponding SUPI,DNN, and/or S-NSSAI, if the PDU session is not established. The SMF 160,260 may unsubscribe 1360, for example, by using Nudm_SDM_Unsubscribe(SUPI, DNN, S-NSSAI), if the SMF 160, 260 is not handling a PDU sessionof the wireless device 100, 200 for the SUPI, DNN, and/or S-NSSAI. TheSMF 160, 260 may deregister 1360, from a PDU session. The SMF 160, 260may deregister 1360, from a PDU session, for example, if the PDU sessionis not established by using Nudm_UECM_Deregistration, for the SUPI, DNN,and/or PDU session ID.

A wireless device may operate in one or more states. The wireless devicemay be managed/controlled/instructed/etc. by another device. The devicethat may manage the wireless device may be determined, for example,based on the state of the wireless device. For example, for a wirelessdevice in an RRC-IDLE state, a core network (e.g., AMF) may manage themobility of the wireless device, such as using CN paging, a registrationprocedure, and/or releasing RRC security. For a wireless device in anRRC-Inactive stage, a RAN device (e.g., a base station, gNB, etc.) maymanage the mobility of the wireless device, such as using RAN paging,RAN area updates, and/or maintaining RRC security. Releasing and/orresuming an RRC connection of a wireless device in the RRC-Inactivestate (e.g., transitioning the wireless device into and/or out of theRRC-Inactive state) may be inefficient, waste radio resources, and/orcause delay, for example, which may be due to paging procedures (e.g.,CN paging, RAN paging, etc.) between: the CN or RAN; and the wirelessdevice. Methods, apparatuses, and systems described herein achieveadvantages for transitioning a wireless device into (e.g., resumingoperation) and/or out of (e.g., releasing operation) the RRC-Inactivestate via communications that provide efficiencies over pagingprocedures.

A network node (e.g., a common network node, an access and mobilitymanagement function (AMF), mobility management entity (MME), etc.) mayassist in a release operation of a wireless device for a first accesstechnology (e.g., 3GPP network) using a connection established via asecond access technology (e.g., non-3GPP network, wireless LAN, CDMA, orany other access technology) with the wireless device. A wireless devicemay register, to the network node, via one or more (e.g., multiple) basestations of different access technologies. The wireless device mayregister with the network node via a 3GPP access technology (e.g. LTE,5G-NR, and/or any other 3GPP access technology) and via a non-3GPPaccess technology (e.g., wireless LAN, WiFi, etc.).

Release processes for a wireless device in an RRC-INACTIVE state, in atleast some systems, may require RAN paging of the wireless device. RANpaging may be used, for example, even if the wireless device isconnected via a second access technology. RAN paging may not be anefficient use of resources for the resume process. For example, the basestation may already know the state (e.g., RRC-INACTIVE, RRC-IDLE, etc.)of a wireless device, but an AMF may not know the state of the wirelessdevice (e.g., the AMF may be unaware that the wireless device is inRRC-IDLE state). The AMF may be unable to message the wireless device,for example, if it does not know the state of the wireless device. Insuch systems, a CN may not receive an indication that a wireless deviceis in a specific RRC state. Additional messaging to the CN to indicatethe RRC state of a wireless device may be performed, but may requireadditional overhead. Messaging the CN to indicate the RRC state of awireless device, however, may enable wireless device resume procedureswithout paging. A reduction in paging may provide a reduction ofresources necessary to perform resume procedures, and/or may providepower savings over existing technologies that may use inefficient paging(e.g., RAN paging, CN paging, etc.). The improvements described hereinmay provide resource conservation, faster transition into and out ofinactive RRC states (e.g., RRC-INACTIVE state), and/or faster release ofan inactive wireless device.

FIG. 14A shows example network connectivity associated with modifyingPDU sessions (e.g., before modification of a single-access PDU session(via a first access network) to support a multi-access PDU sessionusing/via a second access network). A wireless device and/or a system(e.g., wireless system, core network, etc.) may support a single-accessPDU session using/via a first access network. The wireless device 100may be communicating with a system (e.g., wireless system, core network,etc.) via a 3GPP access network 1402, (e.g., a 5G wireless connection,4G wireless connection, or any other wireless technology). The corenework may comprise an AMF 155, UPF1 110, SMF 160 and/or UPF (PSA)110-3. The UPF(PSA) 110-3 may provide a connection to a data network115. The wireless device may indicate to the AMF, radio capabilityinformation indicating multi-access PDU support as part of aregistration procedure. The system (e.g., wireless system, core network,SMF 160 of the core network) may determine to modify the single-accessPDU session to a multi-access PDU session using/via the first accessnetwork and/or a second access network. The system (e.g., wirelesssystem, core network, etc.) may verify that the second access network issupported by the wireless device. The SMF 160 may send, to the AMF 155,a request to verify that the second access network is supported by thewireless device.

A core network (e.g., an SMF of a core network) may determine/assumethat a second access network is available for a multi-access PDUsession. The network may initiate multiple access PDU sessions, however,a wireless device may not be within the coverage and/or in the coveragearea of a second access network. This request without feedback mayresult in undetermined wireless device action and may cause aninterworking problem.

A session modification command may be sent (e.g., by a core network) torequest to the wireless device to modify the single-access PDU sessionto a multi-access PDU session using/via a second access network. Awireless device may determine availability of the requested secondaccess network. The wireless device may indicate whether the multipleaccess PDU session is supported/available/possible, for example, basedon the availability of the second access network. The wireless devicemay indicate (e.g., to the core network and/or via the second accessnetwork) that the wireless device is within the coverage and/or in thecoverage area of the second access network and/or has multi-access PDUsession capability, for example, based on being within the coverageand/or in the coverage area of the second access network. The wirelessdevice may respond to the core network with an indication (e.g., causevalue) indicating no radio coverage and/or no multi-access PDU sessioncapability, for example, based on no availability of the second accessnetwork. The core network (e.g., SMF) may stop/terminate modifying thesingle-access PDU session to a multi-access PDU session using a secondaccess network, for example, based on the response (e.g. the wirelessdevice lacks sufficient radio coverage for the second access network).

A wireless device may initiate a single-access PDU session withindication of multi-access PDU session capability. A network maydetermine to initiate a multi-access PDU session, for example, based onor at the time of the request. The initiation of a multi-access PDUsession may establish either single-access or multi-access PDU, forexample, based on or at the time of request from the wireless device.

A wireless device may register with a core network, for example, tocommunicate via a first access network. The wireless device may includeand/or indicate radio capability information as part of the registrationprocedure. The radio capability information may indicate multi-accesspacket data unit (PDU) session capability. The wireless device mayestablish a single-access PDU session with a core network. The corenetwork may send a session modification command to request the wirelessdevice to modify the single-access PDU session to a multi-access PDUsession.

The core network may determine to modify the single-access PDU sessionto a multi-access PDU session, for example, based on triggers. The corenetwork may determine that PDU sessions are overloaded in a first accessnetwork. The core network may use multi-access PDU sessions to balance aload from wireless devices. The core network may reduce cost to a user,for example, by pushing data to another access network (e.g., movingtraffic from cellular to WiFi, moving from a more expensive network to aless expensive network). The core network may improve user experience byusing a second access network with better quality and/or more availableservices. A wireless device may benefit by keeping/maintaining PDUservices, for example, even if access to an access network is terminatedand/or unavailable.

The SMF 160 may send, to a wireless device via existing access network,a request for determining radio coverage of a second access network. Thewireless device 100 may respond, to the SMF 160 via the first accessnetwork 1402, indicating that the wireless device is within the coverageand/or in the coverage area of the second access network 1404. Thewireless device 100 may determine whether the wireless device hasregistered with the second access network 1404. The wireless device 100may initiate registration with the second access network 1404, forexample, based on the wireless device determining that the wirelessdevice lacks registration. The wireless device 100 may add a non-3GPPaccess network 1404 (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, etc.) and/or split, switch,and/or steer traffic between a 3GPP access network 1402 and/or anon-3GPP access network 1404, as shown in FIG. 14B.

The wireless device 100 may not be within the coverage and/or in thecoverage area of the second access network. The wireless device 100 mayrespond to the SMF with an indication (e.g., cause value) indicating noradio coverage. The SMF may stop/terminate an attempt to modify anexisting single-access PDU session to a multi-access PDU session.

The radio capability message may be part of a registration procedure.The radio capability message may include an indication of multi-accessPDU session support. The message may include a new field. The messagemay use a bit (e.g., a reserved bit) to indicate multi-access PDUsession support. The wireless device may respond to a request to awireless device for determining radio coverage of a second accessnetwork via an existing access network. The wireless device may respondusing one or more fields including power preference, power status, linkquality, power requirements, in coverage, etc.

FIG. 14B shows example network connectivity associated with modifyingPDU sessions (e.g., after modification of a single-access PDU session(e.g., using/via a first access network) to support a multi-access PDUsession (e.g., using/via a second access network)). A wireless deviceand/or a system (e.g., wireless system, core network, etc.) may supporta multi-access PDU session using/via/adding a second access network. Thewireless device 100 may be communicating with a system (e.g., wirelesssystem, core network, etc.) via a 3GPP access network 1402 (e.g., a 5Gwireless connection, 4G wireless connection, or any other wirelesstechnology). The core nework may comprise an AMF 155, UPF1 110, SMF 160and/or UPF (PSA) 110-3. The UPF(PSA) 110-3 may provide a connection to adata network 115. The wireless device 100 may communicate, via anon-3GPP access network 1404 during a multi-access PDU session, with asystem (e.g., wireless system, core network, etc.).

FIG. 15A shows example network connectivity associated with modifyingPDU sessions (e.g., before modification of a single-access PDU session(e.g., via a second access network) to support a multi-access PDUsession (e.g., using/via a first access network)). A wireless deviceand/or a system (e.g., wireless system, core network, etc.) may supporta single-access PDU session using/via a second access network.

The wireless device 100 may communicate, for example, via a non-3GPPaccess network 1502, with a system (e.g., wireless system, core network,etc.) using/via a non-3GPP access network connection (e.g. Wi-Fi,Bluetooth, etc.). The core nework may comprise an AMF 155, UPF2 110, SMF160 and/or UPF (PSA) 110-3. The UPF(PSA) 110-3 may provide a connectionto a data network 115. The system (e.g., wireless system, core network,SMF 160 of a core network) may determine to modify the single-access PDUsession to a multi-access PDU session using/via the first access networkand/or the second access network. The system (e.g., wireless system,core network, etc.) may verify that the first access network issupported by the wireless device, for example, based on the SMF 160sending, to the AMF 155, a request to verify that the first accessnetwork is supported by the wireless device.

The SMF 160 may send a request to a wireless device for determiningradio coverage of a first access network via existing access network.The wireless device 100 may respond, via the second access network 1504,to the SMF 160, indicating that the wireless device is within thecoverage and/or in the coverage area of the first access network 1502.The wireless device 100 may determine whether the wireless device hasregistered with the first access network 1502. The wireless device 100may initiate registration with the first access network 1502, forexample, based the wireless device determining that it has notregistered. The wireless device 100 may add a 3GPP access network 1502and/or split, switch, and/or steer traffic between a 3GPP access network1502 and/or a non-3GPP access network 1504, such as shown in FIG. 15B.

The wireless device 100 may not be within the coverage and/or in thecoverage area of the second access network. The wireless device 100 mayrespond to the SMF with an indication (e.g., cause value) indicating noradio coverage. The SMF may stop/terminate an attempt to modify anexisting single-access PDU session to a multi-access PDU session.

FIG. 15B shows example network connectivity associated with modifyingPDU sessions (e.g., after modification of a single-access PDU session(via a first access network) to support a multi-access PDU session(e.g., using/via a first access network)). A wireless device and/or asystem (e.g., wireless system, core network, etc.) may support amulti-access PDU session using/via/adding a first access network. Thewireless device 100 may be communicating with a system (e.g., wirelesssystem, core network, etc.) via a non-3GPP access network 1502. The corenework may comprise an AMF 155, UPF1 110, SMF 160 and/or UPF (PSA)110-3. The UPF(PSA) 110-3 may provide a connection to a data network115. The wireless device 100 may additionally/alternatively communicate,via a 3GPP access network 1502 and/or during a multi-access PDU session,with a system (e.g., wireless system, core network, etc.).

FIG. 16 shows an example call flow associated with modifying PDUsessions (e.g., modification of a single-access PDU session (e.g., via afirst access network) to support a multi-access PDU session (e.g.,using/via a second access network)). A wireless device 100 may provide1602 radio capability to the AMF 155 as part of a registrationprocedure. An SMF 160 may establish 1604 an ongoing single-PDU sessionusing/via a 3GPP access network. An SMF 160 may determine (e.g., basedon receiving a trigger) 1606 to modify an existing single-access PDUsession (e.g., using/via a first access network) to a multi-access PDUsession (e.g., using/via a second access network). The existingsingle-access PDU session may be using/via the first access networkand/or the second access network. The determination may be based onmodification of allowed network slice selection assistance informationand/or other parameters.

The SMF 160 may communicate with an AMF 155, for example, based onsending a message and/or invoking an operation via an N11 interface toobtain 1608 radio capability information. The SMF 160 may communicate1610 with the UDR 1602, for example, based on sending a message and/orinvoking an operation (e.g., user profile info, nudr_dm_query request,etc.). The SMF 160 may obtain, from the UDR 1602 subscriptioninformation of a user of a wireless device, to verify whether the useris authorized to use a multi-access PDU session. The SMF 160 maycommunicate 1612 with a PCF, for example, by sending a message and/orinvoking an operation via an N7 interface (e.g., session policy requestand/or the like). The SMF 160 may obtain, from the PCF, subscriptioninformation of a user of a wireless device to verify whether the user isauthorized to use a multi-access PDU session. The SMF 160 may send asession modification command. The session modification command may berelayed through the AMF 155 and/or RAN 105 to the wireless device 100 toenable a multi-access PDU session using/via a second access network. Thewireless device may determine 1616 whether the wireless device is withinthe coverage and/or in the coverage area of the non-3GPP access network.The wireless device may determine 1618 whether the wireless devicesupports the multi-access PDU session. The wireless device may send 1620a session modification command acknowledge, for example, based on beingwithin the coverage and/or in the coverage area of the non-3GPP accessnetwork and/or supporting the multi-access PDU session.

The SMF 160 may send 1622, to a charging function (CHF), a chargingupdate request message requesting modification of charging rules for thesecond access network. The charging update request message may comprisethe session identifier of the single-access PDU session and/or a type ofthe second access network. The SMF 160 may receive 1622, from thecharging function, a charging update response message, for example,based on or in response to sending the charging update request message.The charging update response message may comprise the session identifierof the single-access PDU session and/or at least one charging rule.

The SMF 160 may send, to the user plane function (UPF), a sessionmodification request 1628 message indicating a request to modifysingle-access PDU session to the multi-access PDU session, comprising atleast one traffic rule. The SMF 160 may receive, from the UPF, a sessionmodification response 1630 message indicating a result of the sessionmodification request message. The wireless device may send 1632 asession establishment request to the N3IWF 1626. The N3IWF maycommunicate the session establishment request to the AMF 155. Thewireless device may establish 1634 the multi-access PDU session with thenon-3GPP access network.

A determination (e.g., trigger 1606) of modifying the single-access PDUsession to the multi-access PDU session may be based on a subscriptioninformation of a user of the wireless device stored in the UDR 1602. TheSMF may receive 1612, from a PCF 1612, a policy update request (e.g.,session policy modification request, session policy update request,npcf_smpolicycontrol_update request, etc.). The SMF may determine tomodify the single-access PDU session to the multi-access PDU session,for example, based on the received policy update request. Thedetermination may be based on, for example, a performance measurementinformation of the existing (e.g., first or serving) access network. TheSMF 160 may obtain, from a first access network, a performancemeasurement information. The SMF 160 may send a request (e.g., getperformance report, etc.) to the first access network. The SMF 160 mayobtain, from a user plane entity (e.g., user plane function, PDU sessionanchor, performance function, etc.), performance measurementinformation. The performance measurement information may comprisejitter, delay, round trip delay, throughput and/or the like.

The SMF 160 may communicate, via an N11 interface, with an AMF 155, forexample, by sending a message and/or invoking an operation (e.g.,namf_communication_n1n2messagetransfer, radio capability info request,etc.). The SMF 160 may obtain 1608 radio capability information (e.g.,information on support of a radio access type of a second accessnetwork). The AMF 155 may employ a capability information request (e.g.,wireless device capability information message) to verify support of thesecond access network. The AMF 155 may respond/reply, to the SMF 160,indicating result of the verification of the support of the secondaccess network.

The SMF 160 may communicate 1610 with the UDR 1602, for example, bysending a message and/or invoking an operation (e.g., user profile info,nudr_dm_query request, etc.). The SMF 160 may obtain subscriptioninformation of a user of a wireless device to verify whether the user isauthorized to use a multi-access PDU session. Values of the userauthorization status may be authorized, or not authorized. The user datarepository may respond/reply, to the SMF 160, indicating result of theuser authorization status. Values of user authorization status may beauthorized or not authorized.

The SMF 160 may communicate with a user data management, for example, bysending a message and/or invoking an operation via an N10 interface(e.g., user profile info, user data info, get user data info,nudm_sdm_get, etc.). The SMF 160 may obtain subscription information ofa user of a wireless device to verify whether the user is authorized touse a multi-access PDU session. The user data management mayrespond/reply to the SMF 160 indicating a result of the authorizationthat may be a value indicating authorized or not authorized.

The SMF 160 may communicate 1612 with a policy control function. The SMF160 may send a message and/or invoke an operation via an N7 interface(e.g., session policy request etc.) to obtain subscription informationof a user of a wireless device. The SMF 160 may verify whether the useris authorized to use a multi-access PDU session. The policy controlfunction may respond (e.g., reply with a session policy response, etc.etc.) to the SMF 160 indicating a result of the authorization which maybe a value indicating authorized or not authorized. The policy functionmay provide at least one ATSSS rule in the reply to the SMF 160, forexample, based on the user of the wireless device being authorized touse the multi-access PDU session.

The SMF 160 may communicate with an AMF 155, for example, by sending amessage and/or invoking an operation via an N11 interface (e.g., checkregistration status request etc.). The SMF 160 may verify whether awireless device is registered with a second access network. The SMF 160may communicate with a user data management (nudm_sdm_info etc.), forexample, by sending a message and/or invoking an operation via an N10interface (e.g., check registration status request etc.). The SMF 160may verify whether a wireless device is registered with a second accessnetwork. The SMF 160 may communicate with the UDR (e.g., checkregistration status request etc.), for example, by sending a messageand/or invoking an operation interface. The SMF 160 may verify whether awireless device is registered with a second access network. The SMF 160may receive a response of the check registration status request from theAMF 155, UDM, and/or UDR indicating the status of the registration ofthe wireless device with a second access network.

The SMF 160 may send 1614, to a wireless device, a request (e.g., anon-access stratum (NAS) PDU which may be anamf_communication_n1n2messagetransfer request, etc.) for determiningradio coverage of a second access network via existing access network(e.g., the first access network and/or the second access network). Thewireless device may respond 1620, to the SMF 160 via the first accessnetwork, indicating that the wireless device is within the coverageand/or in the coverage area of the second access network. The wirelessdevice may determine whether the wireless device has registered with thesecond access network. The wireless device may initiate registrationwith the second access network, for example, based on the wirelessdevice determining registration with the second access network does notexist. The wireless device may respond 1620, to the SMF 160, with anindication (e.g., cause value) indicating no radio coverage, forexample, based on the wireless device not being within the coverageand/or in the coverage area of the second access network. The SMF 160may terminate an attempt to modify an existing single-access PDU sessionto a multi-access PDU session.

The SMF 160 may send 1612, to the PCF, a policy update request (e.g.,session policy modification request, session policy update request,npcf_smpolicycontrol_update request, etc.). The SMF may request the PCFto modify an existing policy rule for supporting a multi-access PDUsession. The request may comprise a session identifier of asingle-access PDU session and/or a type of a second access network. ThePCF may communicate with an AMF 155, for example, by sending a messageand/or invoking an operation via an N15 interface requesting the AMF tosend at least one modified policy (URSP) rule to the wireless device.The AMF 155 may forward, to the wireless device via an N1 interface(e.g, within a new or existing NAS PDU), the request with the policyrule received from the policy control function.

The PCF may communicate with an AMF 155 by sending a message and/orinvoking an operation via an N15 interface. The PCF may request the AMFto send at least one modified policy/rule (e.g., URSP rule) to thewireless device. The PCF may initiate modifying an existingsingle-access PDU session to a multi-access PDU session using/via asecond access network. The AMF 155 may forward, to the wireless devicevia an N1 interface within a new or existing NAS PDU, the request withthe policy rule received from the policy control function.

The SMF 160 may send 1614, to a wireless device, a session modificationcommand message (e.g., NAS PDU, namf_communication_n1n2messagetransfer,etc.) requesting the wireless device to modify an existing single-accessPDU session to a multi-access PDU session using/via a second accessnetwork. The SMF 160, may send, to the wireless device, the requestusing/via a first access network via an AMF 155. The sessionmodification command message may comprise an access type of the secondaccess network, an identifier of the single-access PDU session and/or atleast one traffic rule for steering, switching, and/or splitting trafficvia the multi-access PDU session.

The SMF 160 may send 1614, to an AMF 155, a session modification commandmessage. The AMF 155 may send/forward, to a first access network, thesession modification command message. The first access network maysend/forward) 1614, to a wireless device, the session modificationcommand message.

The SMF 160 may send, via an existing (e.g., a first) access network, aseparate request for determining radio coverage of a second accessnetwork. The SMF 160 may send, to a wireless device and using/via asecond access network, a request for determining radio coverage of asecond access network with a request to modify an existing single-accessPDU session to a multi-access PDU session.

The core network (e.g., an AMF 155, an SMF 160, a UDR 1602, a UDM, etc.)may subscribe to a status of radio coverage of radio access networkssupported by the wireless device. The core network may obtain, from awireless device (e.g., based on wireless device capability information),a list of supported radio access networks stored at the AMF 155. The AMF155 may receive, from the wireless device, a notification, for example,that an access network is within the coverage and/or in the coveragearea of the wireless device. The AMF 155 may receive, from the wirelessdevice, a notification, for example, when an access network is no longerwithin the coverage and/or in the coverage area of the wireless device.An SMF 160 may obtain, from the AMF 155, status of radio coverage of asecond access network, for example, prior to sending 1614 a request(e.g., a session modification request, etc.) to modify an existingsingle-access PDU session to a multi-access PDU session using/via asecond access network.

The wireless device may receive a request (e.g., NAS PDU comprising asession modification request, etc.) requesting the wireless device toprovide information of radio coverage of a second access network. Thewireless device may receive a request (e.g., NAS PDU) requesting thewireless device to modify an existing single-access PDU session to amulti-access PDU session using/via a second access network. The wirelessdevice may receive a request (e.g., NAS PDU) requesting the wirelessdevice to provide information of radio coverage of a second accessnetwork. The wireless device may receive a request (e.g., NAS PDU) formodifying an existing single-access PDU session to a multi-access PDUsession using/via a second access network. A request for modifyingexisting single-access PDU session to a multi-access PDU session maycomprise an access type of the second access network, an identifier ofthe single-access PDU session of the wireless device and/or at least onetraffic rule for steering, switching, and/or splitting traffic via themulti-access PDU session. A traffic rule for steering, switching, and/orsplitting traffic via the multi-access PDU session may be an accesstraffic steering, switching, and splitting (ATSSS) rule.

The wireless device may respond/reply, to the system (e.g., wirelesssystem, core network, etc.), with an indication (e.g., a cause value)indicating no radio coverage of a second access network. The wirelessdevice may determine that the wireless device is not within the coverageand/or in the coverage area of a second access network.

The wireless device may determine support for a multi-access PDUsession, for example, based on policy rules configured at the wirelessdevice. The wireless device may determine a multi-access PDU sessionsupport, for example, based on at least one traffic descriptorpertaining to a route selection policy/rule (e.g., UE route selectionpolicy rule). The wireless device may determine a multi-access PDUsession support, for example, based on at least one traffic descriptorpertaining to an ATSSS policy rule. The ATSSS policy rule may beprovisioned/configured at the wireless device separately. The routeselection policy/rule (e.g., UE route selection policy rule) maycomprise one or more ATSSS policy rules.

The wireless device may respond/reply, to the system (e.g., wirelesssystem, core network, etc.), with an indication (e.g., cause value)indicating no multi-access PDU session support, for example, based on awireless device determining that the wireless device does not support amulti-access PDU session.

The wireless device may respond/reply, to the system (e.g., wirelesssystem, core network, etc.) via a first access network, with a result ofa request to modify an existing single-access PDU session to amulti-access PDU session using/via a second access network. The wirelessdevice may determine that the wireless device is within within thecoverage and/or in the coverage area of a second access network and/orthat the wireless device supports a multi-access PDU session. Thewireless device may not send a response to a request to modify anexisting single-access PDU session to a multi-access PDU sessionusing/via a second access network. The system (e.g., wireless system,core network, etc.) may determine a result of a request to modify anexisting single-access PDU session to a multi-access PDU sessionusing/via a second access network from the wireless device asacceptance. The system (e.g., wireless system, core network, etc.) mayreceive a request for a registration with the second access networkand/or a request for PDU session establishment using/via a second accessnetwork.

The wireless device may initiate registration with the second accessnetwork, for example, by sending a registration request message (e.g.,NAS PDU) from the wireless device to an AMF 155 using/via the secondaccess network. The wireless device may determine that the wirelessdevice is within the coverage and/or in the coverage area of a secondaccess network and/or that the wireless device supports a multi-accessPDU session. The wireless device may determine that the wireless deviceis not registered for a second access network. The wireless device mayreceive a result of the registration request message (e.g., aregistration accept message, etc.) from the system (e.g., wirelesssystem, core network, etc.) via the second access network.

The SMF 160 may receive, from a wireless device, an acceptance of arequest (e.g., a session modification command, etc.) to modify anexisting single-access PDU session to a multi-access PDU sessionusing/via a second access network. The SMF 160 may receive an acceptancefrom a wireless device, for example, based on receiving a registrationrequest message to an AMF 155 for a second access network. The SMF 160may receive an acceptance, for example, based on receiving a sessionmodification command acknowledge message (e.g., NAS PDU,Namf_Communication_N1N2MessageTransfer response operation, etc.) via thefirst access network. The session modification command acknowledgementmessage may comprise an indication of support for the multi-access PDUsession and/or the identifier of the single-access PDU session of thewireless device.

The wireless device may send session a modification commandacknowledgement message (e.g., NAS PDU) to a first access network. Thefirst access network may send (e.g., forward), to the AMF 155, thesession modification command acknowledgement message. The AMF 155 maysend (e.g., forward), to the SMF 160, the session modification commandacknowledgement message.

The wireless device may indicate acceptance, for example, based onsending a PDU session establishment request for the second accessnetwork to the system (e.g., wireless system, core network, etc.). ThePDU session establishment request may comprise an indicator indicating arequest for a multi-access PDU session and/or same session identifier.The PDU session establishment request may comprise an indicatorindicating a different session identifier than a session identifier of asingle-session PDU established using/via the first access network.

The SMF 160 may send, to a CHF, a charging update request for supportinga multi-access PDU session using/via a second access network. Thecharging update request may comprise a session identifier of thesingle-access PDU session and/or a type of the second access network.The SMF 160 may receive, from the CHF, a charging update responsemessage, for example, based on or in response to sending the chargingupdate request message. The charging update response message maycomprise the session identifier of the single-access PDU session and/orat least one charging rule.

The SMF 160 may send, via an N4 interface to a UPF, a sessionmodification request (e.g., session update request, N4 sessionmodification request, etc.) The UPF may serve a PDU session via afirst-access network. The session modification request may comprise atleast one traffic rule for supporting a multi-access PDU session. TheSMF 160 may send, via an N4 interface to a UPF, a session establishmentrequest. The UPF may be the same as or different from a UPF serving aPDU session via a first-access network for supporting a multi-access PDUsession using/via a second access network. The SMF 160 may provide, tothe UPD, at least one traffic rule in the session modification request.The UPD may support a multi-access PDU session to the UPF. The SMF 160may receive, from the UPF a response of the session modification requestindicating a result of a request.

The SMF 160 may initiate a release of a PDU session with a wirelessdevice established using/via a first access network (e.g., an accessnetwork to switch from). This release of a PDU session may result in tomodifying a multi-access PDU session to a single-PDU session using/viasecond access network (e.g., an access network to switch to).

FIG. 17 shows an example call flow associated with modifying PDUsessions (e.g., for modification of a single-access PDU session (e.g.,via a first access network) to support a multi-access PDU session (e.g.,using/via a second access network)). A wireless device 100 may provide1602 an indicator of radio capability of the wireless device (e.g.,support for a multi-access PDU session) to the AMF 155 as part of aregistration procedure. An SMF 160 may establish 1704 an ongoingsingle-PDU session using/via a non-3GPP access network. An SMF 160 maydetermine (e.g., based on receiving a trigger) 1706 to modify anexisting single-access PDU session (e.g., which may use a first accessnetwork) to a multi-access PDU session using/via a second accessnetwork. The existing single-access PDU session may be using/via thefirst access network and/or the second access network. The determination(e.g., trigger) may be based on a modification of allowed network sliceselection assistance information and/or other parameters.

The SMF 160 may communicate with an AMF 155, for example, by sending amessage and/or invoking an operation via an N11 interface to obtain 1608radio capability information. The SMF 160 may communicate 1610, with theUDR 1602, for example, by sending a message and/or invoking an operation(e.g., user profile info, nudr_dm_query request, etc.). The SMF 160 mayobtain subscription information of a user of a wireless device to verifywhether the user is authorized to use a multi-access PDU session. TheSMF 160 may communicate 1612 with a policy control function and/or anyother device/function, for example, by sending a message and/or invokingan operation via an N7 interface (e.g., session policy request and/orthe like). The SMF 160 may obtain subscription information of a user ofa wireless device to verify whether the user is authorized to use amulti-access PDU session. The SMF 160 may send a session modificationcommand. The session modification command may be relayed/sent throughthe AMF 155 and/or N3IWF 1626 to the wireless device 100. The sessionmodification command may enable a multi-access PDU session using/via asecond access network. The wireless device may determine 1716 whetherthe wireless device is within the coverage and/or in the coverage areaof the 3GPP access network. The wireless device may determine 1618whether the wireless device supports the multi-access PDU session. Thewireless device may send 1620 a session modification commandacknowledge, for example, based on being within the coverage and/or inthe coverage area of the 3GPP access network and/or supporting themulti-access PDU session.

The SMF 160 may send 1622 to a charging function (CHF), a chargingupdate request message requesting modification of charging rules for thesecond access network. The charging update request message may comprisethe session identifier of the single-access PDU session and/or a type ofthe second access network. The SMF 160 may receive 1622, from thecharging function, a charging update response message, for example,based on or in response to sending the charging update request message.The charging update response message may comprise the session identifierof the single-access PDU session and/or at least one charging rule.

The SMF 160 may send, to the UPF, a session modification request 1628message indicating a request to modify a single-access PDU session tothe multi-access PDU session. The session modification request maycomprise at least one traffic rule. The SMF 160 may receive, from theUPF, a session modification response 1630 message indicating a result ofthe session modification request message. The wireless device may send1632, to the RAN 105, a session establishment request. The RAN 105 maycommunicate, to the AMF 155, the session establishment requrest. Thewireless device may establish 1734 the multi-access PDU session with the3GPP access network.

FIG. 18 shows example rules for access traffic steering, switching,and/or splitting. The rules may comprise parameters (e.g., trafficattributes for matching and/or configurations for traffic steering,switching, and/or splitting). The parameters may comprise parametersthat define a priority, a traffic descriptor, mode, active networkand/or standby network. The wireless device may steer, switch, and/orsplit traffic among access networks, for example, by applyingconfigurations for a highest priority rule that matches trafficattributes.

An SMF 160 may send 1614 a session modification command message to awireless device requesting the wireless device to modify an existingsingle-access PDU session to a multi-access PDU session using/via asecond access network. This request from the SMF may be sent to thewireless device using/via a first access network (e.g., via an AMF). Thesession modification command message may comprise an access type of thesecond access network, an identifier of the single-access PDU session,and/or at least one traffic rule for steering, switching, and/orsplitting traffic via the multi-access PDU session.

FIG. 19 shows an example method associated with modifying PDU sessions(e.g., for modification of a single-access PDU session (e.g., by a SMFvia a first access network) to support a multi-access PDU session (e.g.,using/via a second access network)). In step 1902, a PDU session may beestablished between the system (e.g., wireless system, core network,etc.) and/or the wireless device using/via a 3GPP access network. Instep 1904, the SMF may determine (e.g., based on receiving a trigger) toinitiate a PDU session using/via a non-3GPP access network. In step1906, the SMF may communicate, with the AMF, to verify whether thewireless device supports the non-3GPP access network. In step 1908, theSMF may determine that the non-3GPP access network is supported. In step1910, the SMF may communicate, with the UDR, to verify that at least onetraffic rule/policy (e.g., ATSSS) is supported by the wireless device.In step 1912, the SMF may determine that the wireless device supports amulti-access PDU session. In step 1914, the SMF may request an updatedpolicy/rule from the PCF. In step 1916, the system (e.g., wirelesssystem, core network, etc.) may communicate, with the wireless device,to establish a PDU session using/via a non-3GPP access network. In step1918, the SMF may update the charging rules and/or policies with the CHFand/or with the UPF. In step 1920, the SMF may receive, via a non-3GPPaccess network from the wireless device, an establish PDU sessionrequest. In step 1922, the SMF may release resources with the 3GPPaccess network, for example, based on traffic switching being peformed.

In step 1908, the SMF may determine that the non-3GPP access network isnot supported. In step 1924, the SMF may terminate the attempt ofestablishing the PDU session using/via the non-3GPP access network. Instep 1912, the SMF may determine that the wireless device may notsupport a multi-access PDU session. In step 1924, the SMF may terminatethe attempt of establishing the PDU session using/via the non-3GPPaccess network.

The determination (e.g., by the SMF) to intitiate a multi-access PDUsession may be based on modification of allowed network slice selectionassistance information. The determination of modifying the single-accessPDU session to the multi-access PDU session may be based on asubscription information of a user of the wireless device stored in auser data repository and/or other storage location/device. Thedetermination may be based on a policy update request (e.g., sessionpolicy modification request, session policy update request,npcf_smpolicycontrol_update request, etc.) received from a policycontrol function. The determination may be based on a performancemeasurement information of an existing (e.g., first or serving) accessnetwork.

The SMF may communicate with an AMF, for example, by sending a messageand/or invoking an operation via an N11 interface. The SMF may obtaininformation for supporting a radio access type of a second accessnetwork. The AMF may employ wireless device capability informationand/or other information to verify support of the second access network.The AMF may respond/reply to the SMF indicating a result of theverification of the support of the second access network.

The SMF may communicate with a user data repository and/or other storagelocation/device, for example, by sending a message and/or invoking anoperation to obtain subscription information of a user (and/or group ofusers) of a wireless device. The SMF may verify whether the user(s)and/or the wireless device is/are authorized to use a multi-access PDUsession. The user data repository and/or other storage location/devicemay respond/reply, to the SMF, indicating a result of the authorization.

An SMF may communicate with a user data management and/or other device,for example, by sending a message and/or invoking an operation via anN10 interface to obtain subscription information of a user (and/or groupof users) of a wireless device. The SMF may verify whether the user(s)and/or the wireless device is/are authorized to use a multi-access PDUsession. The user data management and/or other device may respond/reply,to the SMF, indicating result of the authorization.

An SMF may communicate with a policy control function and/or otherdevice, for example, by sending a message and/or invoking an operationvia an N7 interface to obtain subscription information of a user (and/orgroup of users) of a wireless device. The SMF may verify whether theuser(s) and/or wireless device is/are authorized to use a multi-accessPDU session. The PCF and/or other device may respond/reply, to the SMF,indicating a result of the authorization. The policy control functionand/or other device may provide at least one traffic policy/rule (e.g.,ATSSS rule) in the reply to the SMF, for example, based on the user(s)of the wireless device (and/or based on the wireless device) beingauthorized to use the multi-access PDU session.

The SMF may send a policy update request to a policy control functionfor modifying an existing single-access PDU session to the multi-accessPDU session using/via a second access network. The policy update requestmay comprise a session identifier of the single-access PDU sessionand/or a type of the second access network. The policy control functionmay provide at least one traffic policy/rule (e.g., ATSSS rule) in thereply to the SMF in a policy update response (e.g., session policymodification response, session policy update response,npcf_smpolicycontrol_update response, etc.).

The SMF may send a request (e.g., a session modification commandmessage, NAS PDU, etc.), to a wireless device (e.g., via AMF),requesting the wireless device to modify an existing single-access PDUsession to a multi-access PDU session using/via a second access network.The SMF may send, via an AMF and/or a first access network, the requestto the wireless device in a separate message (e.g., NAS PDU). The SMFmay send the request to the wireless device using/via a first accessnetwork (e.g., piggybacked, before, after, and/or included in anexisting message (e.g., NAS PDU) sent via an AMF). A request formodification of a single-access PDU session to a multi-access PDUsession may comprise an access type of the second access network, anidentifier of the single-access PDU session of the wireless device,and/or at least one traffic rule for steering, switching, and/orsplitting traffic for the multi-access PDU session.

The SMF may receive a response of a request from a wireless devicerequesting the wireless device to modify an existing single-access PDUsession to a multi-access PDU session using/via a second access networkfrom the wireless device. The SMF may not receive, from a wirelessdevice, a response to a request for the wireless device to modify anexisting single-access PDU session to a multi-access PDU sessionusing/via a second access network from a wireless device. The SMF maysubscribe the wireless device (e.g., based on the registration state ofthe wireless device) with an AMF. The AMF may receive a registrationrequest message for a second access network from the wireless device.The AMF may provide notification to the SMF handling an existingsingle-access PDU session using/via the first access network. The AMFmay receive a registration request message from the wireless device fora second access network. The SMF may receive a PDU session establishmentrequest via the second access network from the wireless device. The PDUsession establishment request may comprise an indicator indicating arequest for a multi-access PDU session and/or same session identifierThe PDU session establishment request may comprise a session identifierthat may be the same as or different from a session identifier of asingle-session PDU established using/via a first access network.

The SMF may send, to a CHF, a charging update request for supporting amulti-access PDU session using/via a second access network. The chargingupdate request may comprise a session identifier of the single-accessPDU session, a type of the second access network, and/or the like. TheSMF may receive, from the CHF, a charging update response message, forexample, based on or in response to sending the charging update requestmessage. The charging update response message may comprise the sessionidentifier of the single-access PDU session and/or at least one chargingrule.

The SMF may send, to a UPF serving a PDU session via a first-accessnetwork, a session modification request via an N4 interface (e.g.,session update request, N4 session modification request, etc.). The SMFmay send a session establishment request (e.g., session update request,N4 session modification request, etc.) via an N4 interface to a UPF. TheUPF may be the same as or different from a UPF serving a PDU session viaa first-access network for supporting a multi-access PDU sessionusing/via a second access network. The SMF may provide, to the UPF, atleast one traffic rule in the session modification request forsupporting a multi-access PDU session to the UPF. The SMF may receive,from the UPF, a response of the session modification request indicatinga result of a request.

The SMF may reject a request, from a wireless device, requesting the SMFto modify an existing single-access PDU session to a multi-access PDUsession using/via a second access network. The SMF may terminate anattempt of modification of a single-access PDU session to a multi-accessPDU session using/via a second access network. The SMF may send, to aPCF, a policy update request (e.g., policy modification request, N7message, etc.) requesting the PCF to revert the policy rule of themulti-access PDU session to the policy rule of a single-access PDUsession (e.g., using/via a first access network).

FIG. 20 shows an example method associated with modifying PDU sessions(e.g., for modification of a single-access PDU session (e.g., by a SMFvia a first access network) to support a multi-access PDU session (e.g.,using/via a second access network)). In step 2002, a PDU session may beestablished between a system (e.g., wireless system, core network, etc.)and/or a wireless device using/via a non-3GPP access network. In step2004, the SMF may determine (e.g., based on receiving a trigger) toinitiate a PDU session using/via a 3GPP access network. In step 2006,the SMF may communicate with the AMF to verify whether the wirelessdevice supports the 3GPP access network. In step 2008, the SMF maydetermine that the 3GGP access network is supported. In step 2010, theSMF may communicate with the UDR to verify that one or more trafficrules/policies (e.g., ATSSS) is/are supported by the wireless device. Instep 2012, the SMF may determine that the wireless device supports amulti-access PDU session. In step 2014, the SMF may request an updatedpolicy/rule from the PCF. In step 2016, the system (e.g., wirelesssystem, core network, etc.) may communicate with the wireless device toestablish a PDU session using/via the 3GPP access network. In step 2018,the SMF may update one or more charging rules and/or policies with theCHF and/or user plane with UPF. In step 2020, the SMF may receive, fromthe wireless device, an establish PDU session request via a 3GPP accessnetwork. In step 2022, the SMF may release resources with non-3GPPaccess network, for example, based on traffic switching being peformed.

In step 2008, the SMF may determine that the 3GPP access network is notsupported. In step 2024, the SMF may terminate an attempt/attempts toestablish the PDU session using/via the 3GPP access network. In step2012, the SMF may determine that the wireless device may not support amulti-access PDU session. In step 2024, the SMF may terminate anattempt/attempts to establish the PDU session using/via the 3GPP accessnetwork.

FIG. 21 shows an example method associated with modifying PDU sessions(e.g., for modification of a single-access PDU session (e.g., by awireless device via a first access network) to support a multi-accessPDU session (e.g., using/via a second access network)). In step 2102, awireless device may establish a PDU session using/via a 3GPP accessnetwork. In step 2104, the wireless device may receive a request (e.g.,NAS PDU) to establish a multi-access PDU session. In step 2106, thewireless device may determine that the wireless device is within thecoverage and/or in the coverage area of a non-3GPP access network. Instep 2108, the wireless device may determine that the wireless devicesupports a multi-access PDU session. In step 2110, the wireless devicemay determine that registration exists for the non-3GPP access network.In step 2112, the wireless device may indicate a multi-access PDUsession support to the SMF (e.g., via the AMF), for example, in aresponse message (e.g., NAS PDU response). In step 2114, the wirelessdevice may establish the multi-access PDU session using/via the non-3GPPaccess network. In step 2116, the wireless device may release resourcesassociated with the 3GPP access network, for example, based on trafficswitching being peformed.

In step 2106, the wireless device may determine that the wireless deviceis not within the coverage and/or in the coverage area of the non-3GPPaccess network. In step 2120, the wireless device may indicate, to theSMF (e.g., via AMF), no multi-access PDU session support, for example,in a response message (e.g., NAS PDU) response. In step 2108, thewireless device may determine that the wireless device does not supporta multi-access PDU session. In step 2120, the wireless device mayindicate, to the SMF (e.g., via AMF), no multi-access PDU sessionsupport, for example, in a response message (e.g., NAS PDU). In step2110, the wireless device may determine that no registration exists forthe non-3GPP access network. In step 2118, the wireless device mayinitiate registration for the 3GPP access network.

A wireless device may receive a request (e.g., NAS PDU) to modify anexisting single-access PDU session to a multi-access PDU sessionusing/via a second access network. The request may comprise an accesstype of the second access network and/or an identifier of asingle-access PDU session of the wireless device. The request maycomprise at least one traffic rule for steering, switching, and/orsplitting traffic via the multi-access PDU session.

The wireless device may respond/reply with a session modificationcommand acknowledgement message (e.g., NAS PDU) to the system (e.g.,wireless system, core network, SMF of a core network, etc.). The sessionmodification command acknowledgement message may be sent via a firstaccess network and/or vai an AMF. The session modification commandacknowledgement message may comprise a result of a session modificationcommand request message. The wireless device may determine that thewireless device is within the coverage and/or in the coverage area of asecond access network and/or that the wireless device supports amulti-access PDU session. The session modification commandacknowledgement message may comprise an indication of support for themulti-access PDU session and/or the identifier of the single-access PDUsession of the wireless device.

The wireless device may or may not send, via a first access network, aresponse of a session modification command request message to modify anexisting single-access PDU session to a multi-access PDU session. Thewireless device may respond/reply, to the system (e.g., wireless system,core network, etc.), with an indication (e.g., cause value) indicatingno radio coverage of a second access network. The wireless device mayrespond/reply, to the system (e.g., wireless system, core network,etc.), by sending/providing an indication (e.g., cause value indicating)that no multi-access PDU session support.

The wireless device may initiate registration with the second accessnetwork, for example, based on sending a registration request messagefrom a system (e.g., wireless system, core network, etc.) to an AMFusing/via the second access network. The wireless device may initiate aregistration with the second access network. The wireless device maydetermine that the wireless device is within the coverage and/or in thecoverage area of a second access network and/or supports a multi-accessPDU session. The wireless device may determine that the wireless deviceis not registered for a second access network. The wireless device mayreceive a result of the registration request message. The wirelessdevice may receive the result of the registration message, for example,in a registration accept message (e.g., from the AMF via the secondaccess network).

The wireless device may modify an existing single-access PDU session toa multi-access PDU session, for example, based on sending a PDU sessionestablishment request to the system (e.g., wireless system, corenetwork, etc.) using/via the second access network. The wireless devicemay determine that it is within the coverage and/or in the coverage areaof a second access network and/or that the wireless device supports amulti-access PDU session. The wireless device may determine that thewireless device is registered for a second access network. The PDUsession establishment request may comprise an indication of a requestfor a multi-access PDU session and/or same session identifier. The PDUsession establishment request may comprise a session identifier that maybe the same as or different from a session identifier of asingle-session PDU established using/via a first access network, etc.

An example FIG. 22 shows an example method associated with modifying PDUsessions (e.g., for processing (e.g., at a wireless device) amodification of a single-access PDU session (e.g., via a second accessnetwork) to support a multi-access PDU session (e.g., using/via a firstaccess network)). In step 2202, the wireless device may establish a PDUsession using/via a non-3GPP access network. In step 2204, the wirelessdevice may receive a request (e.g., NAS PDU) to establish a multi-accessPDU session. In step 2206, the wireless device may determine that thewireless device is within the coverage and/or in the coverage area of a3GPP access network. In step 2208, the wireless device may determinethat the wireless device supports a multi-access PDU session. In step2210, the wireless device may determine that a registration exists forthe 3GPP access network. In step 2212, the wireless device may indicatea multi-access PDU session support to the SMF (e.g., via the AMF), forexample, in a response message (e.g., NAS PDU response). In step 2214,the wireless device may establish the multi-access PDU session using/viathe 3GPP access network. In step 2216, the wireless device may releaseresources associated with the non-3GPP access network, for example,based on traffic switching being peformed.

In step 2206, the wireless device may determine that the wireless deviceis not within the coverage and/or in the coverage area of the non-3GPPaccess network. In step 2220, the wireless device may indicate, to theSMF (e.g., via AMF), no multi-access PDU session support, for example,in a response message (e.g., NAS PDU response). In step 2208, thewireless device may determine that the wireless device does not supporta multi-access PDU session. In step 2220, the wireless device mayindicate, to the SMF (e.g., via AMF), no multi-access PDU sessionsupport, for example, in a response message (e.g., NAS PDU response). Instep 2210, the wireless device may determine that no registration existsfor the non-3GPP access network. In step 2218, the wireless device mayinitiate registration for the 3GPP access network.

A wireless device may establish, via a first access network, asingle-access PDU session for the wireless device. The wireless devicemay receive a session modification command message indicating a requestto modify the single-access PDU session to a multi-access PDU sessionusing/via a second access network. The session modification commandmessage may comprise an access type of the second access network and/oran identifier of the single-access PDU session. The session modificationcommand message may comprise at least one traffic rule for steering,switching, and/or splitting traffic via the multi-access PDU session.The wireless device may determine an availability of the second accessnetwork, for example, based on or in response to the request to modifythe single-access PDU session to a multi-access PDU session using/via asecond access network. The wireless device may send a sessionestablishment request message to the second access network requestingmodification of the single-access PDU session to the multi-access PDUsession.

The wireless device may send, to an AMF, a registration request message.The registration request message may request a registration of thesecond access network to the second access network. The wireless devicemay receive, from the second access network, a response to theregistration request message. The wireless device may send, to the firstaccess network, a session modification command acknowledgement messagecomprising an indication of support for the multi-access PDU sessionand/or the identifier of the single-access PDU session of the wirelessdevice. The wireless device may receive from a SMF, a sessionmodification command message indicating a request to modify thesingle-access PDU session to the multi-access PDU session using/via thesecond access network. The wireless device may send, to the SMF, asession modification command acknowledgement message, for example, basedon or in response to receiving the session modification command message.

An availability of the second access network may indicate that thewireless device is within the coverage and/or in the coverage area ofthe second access network. A single-access PDU session may be a PDUsession for the wireless device that uses a single radio access network.The single-access PDU session may be a PDU session for the wirelessdevice that uses a single radio access network. A multi-access PDUsession may be a PDU session for the wireless device that uses aplurality of radio access networks. A traffic rule may be for steeringtraffic such that selected data traffic of the multi-access PDU sessionis sent via a selected one of the first and/or second access networks. Atraffic rule may be for switching traffic such that on-going datatraffic of the multi-access PDU session is moved from one of the firstand/or second access networks to the other one of the first and/orsecond access networks. A traffic rule may be for splitting traffic suchthat data traffic of the multi-access PDU session may be sent via boththe first and/or second access networks. At least one traffic rule maybe an access traffic steering, switching, and/or splitting (ATSSS) rule.

An SMF may establish a single-access packet data unit (PDU) session fora wireless device via a first access network. The SMF may determine tomodify the single-access PDU session to a multi-access PDU sessionusing/via the first access network and/or a second access network TheSMF may send, to an AMF, a request to verify that the second accessnetwork is supported by the wireless device. The SMF may determine tomodify the single-access PDU session to a multi-access PDU session. TheSMF may send, to the AMF, a session modification command message, forexample, based on the indication that the second access network issupported. The session modification command message may comprise anaccess type of the second access networkand/or an identifier of thesingle-access PDU session of the wireless device. The sessionmodification command message may comprise at least one traffic rule forsteering, switching, and/or splitting traffic via the multi-access PDUsession.

The SMF may send to a PCF, a message (e.g., a policy update requestmessage) requesting a policy modification of a single-access PDUsession. The message (e.g., policy update request message) may comprisea session identifier of the single-access PDU session and/or a type ofthe second access network. The SMF may receive, from the PCF, a response(e.g., policy update response message) indicating a result of the policyupdate request message. The SMF may send a session modification requestmessage to the user plane function (UPF) indicating a request to modifya single-access PDU session to a multi-access PDU session. The sessionmodification request message may comprise at least one traffic rule. TheSMF may receive, from the UPF, a session modification response messageindicating a result of the session modification request message.

The SMF may send, to a CHF, a charging update request message Thecharging update request message may comprise a request for amodification of one or more charging rules for the second accessnetwork. The charging update request message may comprise the sessionidentifier of the single-access PDU session and/or a type of the secondaccess network. The SMF may receive, from the CHF, a charging updateresponse message, for example, based on or in response to sending thecharging update request message. The charging update response messagemay comprise the session identifier of the single-access PDU sessionand/or at least one charging rule. The AMF may receive, from the secondaccess network, a session establishment request message requestingmodification of the single-access PDU session to the multi-access PDUsession using/via the second access network. The SMF may send a UDR arequest to verify that a user subscription allows the multi-access PDUsession. The SMF may receive, from the UDR, an indication that themulti-access PDU session is supported. A use of the second accessnetwork may be determined by a user data management function and/or apolicy control function.

The AMF may send, to the first access network, a session modificationcommand message indicating a request to modify the single-access PDUsession to the multi-access PDU session using/via the second accessnetwork. The AMF may receive, from the first access network, a sessionmodification command acknowledgement message, for example, based on orin response to sending the session modification command message. Thesession modification command acknowledgement message may comprise anindication of support for the multi-access PDU session and/or theidentifier of the single-access PDU session of the wireless device.

The first access network may send, to the wireless device, a sessionmodification command message indicating a request to modify thesingle-access PDU session to the multi-access PDU session using/via thesecond access network. The first access network may receive, from thewireless device, a session modification command acknowledgement message,for example, based on or in response to sending the session modificationcommand message. The session modification command acknowledgementmessage may comprise an indication of support for the multi-access PDUsession and/or the identifier of the single-access PDU session of thewireless device.

The SMF may send, to the wireless device, a session modification commandmessage indicating a request to modify the single-access PDU session tothe multi-access PDU session using/via the second access network. TheSMF may receive, from the wireless device, a session modificationcommand acknowledgement message, for example, based on or in response tosending the session modification command message. The sessionmodification command acknowledgement message may comprise an indicationof support for the multi-access PDU session and/or the identifier of thesingle-access PDU session of the wireless device. The at least onetraffic rule may be an access traffic steering, switching, and/orsplitting (ATSSS) rule.

A wireless device may perform a method comprising multiple operations.The wireless device may establish a single-access packet data unit (PDU)session, via a first access network, for the wireless device. Thewireless device may receive, from the first access network, anindication of a request to modify the single-access PDU session to amulti-access PDU session via a second access network, for the wirelessdevice. The wireless device may determine whether the second accessnetwork is available. The wireless device may send, to a network device,a parameter indicating whether the wireless device has radio coveragefor the second access network.

The wireless device may also perform one or more additional operationsor include additional elements in conjunction with the described method.The network device may comprise a session management function (SMF). Thewireless device may send, to the second access network and based ondetermining that the second access network is available, a request tomodify the single-access PDU session to the multi-access PDU session.The wireless device may send, to the second access network, a requestfor registration of the second access network. The wireless device maymodify the single-access PDU session to the multi-access PDU session viathe second access network. The receiving the indication may comprisereceiving a session modification command comprising at least one of: anaccess type of the second access network; or an identifier of thesingle-access PDU session. The session modification command may furthercomprise at least one traffic rule for the multi-access PDU session.

A session management function (SMF) may perform a method comprisingmultiple operations. The SMF may establish, a single-access packet dataunit (PDU) session, via a first access network, for a wireless device.The SMF may determine to modify the single-access PDU session to amulti-access PDU session using the first access network and a secondaccess network. The SMF may send, to an access and mobility managementfunction (AMF) and based on the determining to modify the single-accessPDU session to the multi-access PDU session, a request to verify thatthe second access network is supported by the wireless device. The SMFmay send, to the AMF and based on an indication that the second accessnetwork is supported, a message to modify the single-access PDU sessionto the multi-access PDU session.

The SMF may also perform one or more additional operations or includeadditional elements in conjunction with the described method. Themessage may comprise an access type of the second access network; anidentifier of the single-access PDU session of the wireless device; andat least one traffic rule for the multi-access PDU session. The SMF mayreceive, via the second access network and based on determining that thesecond access network is available, a request to modify thesingle-access PDU session to the multi-access PDU session. The SMF mayreceive, via the second access network, a request for registration ofthe second access network. The SMF may modify the single-access PDUsession to the multi-access PDU session via the second access network.The message to modify the single-access PDU session to the multi-accessPDU session may be a session modification command, and wherein thesession modification command comprises at least one of: an access typeof the second access network; or an identifier of the single-access PDUsession. The session modification command further comprises at least onetraffic rule for the multi-access PDU session.

A wireless device may perform a method comprising multiple operations.The wireless device may send, via a first access network and for aregistration process, an indicator of radio capability. The wirelessdevice may establish a single-access packet data unit (PDU) session, viathe first access network, for the wireless device. The wireless devicemay receive, via the first access network and based on the indicator ofradio capability, an indication of a request to modify the single-accessPDU session to a multi-access PDU session, via a second access network,for the wireless device. The wireless device may modify thesingle-access PDU session to the multi-access PDU session via the secondaccess network.

The wireless device may also perform one or more additional operationsor include additional elements in conjunction with the described method.The wireless device may send, to the second access network, a requestfor registration of the second access network. The receiving theindication may comprise receiving a session modification commandcomprising at least one of: an access type of the second access network;or an identifier of the single-access PDU session. The wireless devicemay send, a parameter indicating whether the wireless device has radiocoverage for the second access network. The wireless device may send, toa session management function (SMF), a session modification commandacknowledgement that indicates an acceptance of a request to modify anexisting single-access PDU session to a multi-access PDU session usingthe second access network. The wireless device may send, to a sessionmanagement function (SMF), a session modification command negativeacknowledgement that indicates a rejection of a request to modify anexisting single-access PDU session to a multi-access PDU session usingthe second access network.

The disclosed mechanisms herein may be performed if certain criteria aremet, for example, in a wireless device, a base station, a radioenvironment, a network, a combination of the above, and/or the like.Example criteria may be based on, for example, wireless device and/ornetwork node configurations, traffic load, initial system set up, packetsizes, traffic characteristics, a combination of the above, and/or thelike. If the one or more criteria are met, various examples may be used.It may be possible to implement examples that selectively implementdisclosed protocols.

A base station may communicate with a mix of wireless devices. Wirelessdevices and/or base stations may support multiple technologies, and/ormultiple releases of the same technology. Wireless devices may have somespecific capability(ies) depending on wireless device category and/orcapability(ies). A base station may comprise multiple sectors. A basestation communicating with a plurality of wireless devices may refer tobase station communicating with a subset of the total wireless devicesin a coverage area. Wireless devices referred to herein may correspondto a plurality of wireless devices of a particular LTE or 5G releasewith a given capability and in a given sector of a base station. Aplurality of wireless devices may refer to a selected plurality ofwireless devices, and/or a subset of total wireless devices in acoverage area. Such devices may operate, function, and/or perform basedon or according to drawings and/or descriptions herein, and/or the like.There may be a plurality of base stations or a plurality of wirelessdevices in a coverage area that may not comply with the disclosedmethods, for example, because those wireless devices and/or basestations perform based on older releases of LTE or 5G technology.

One or more features described herein may be implemented in acomputer-usable data and/or computer-executable instructions, such as inone or more program modules, executed by one or more computers or otherdevices. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects,components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks orimplement particular abstract data types when executed by a processor ina computer or other data processing device. The computer executableinstructions may be stored on one or more computer readable media suchas a hard disk, optical disk, removable storage media, solid statememory, RAM, etc. The functionality of the program modules may becombined or distributed as desired. The functionality may be implementedin whole or in part in firmware or hardware equivalents such asintegrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays (FPGA), and thelike. Particular data structures may be used to more effectivelyimplement one or more features described herein, and such datastructures are contemplated within the scope of computer executableinstructions and computer-usable data described herein.

Many of the elements in examples may be implemented as modules. A modulemay be an isolatable element that performs a defined function and has adefined interface to other elements. The modules may be implemented inhardware, software in combination with hardware, firmware, wetware(e.g., hardware with a biological element) or a combination thereof, allof which may be behaviorally equivalent. For example, modules may beimplemented as a software routine written in a computer languageconfigured to be executed by a hardware machine (such as C, C++,Fortran, Java, Basic, Matlab or the like) or a modeling/simulationprogram such as Simulink, Stateflow, GNU Octave, or LabVIEWMathScript.Additionally or alternatively, it may be possible to implement modulesusing physical hardware that incorporates discrete or programmableanalog, digital and/or quantum hardware. Examples of programmablehardware may comprise: computers, microcontrollers, microprocessors,application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs); field programmablegate arrays (FPGAs); and complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs).Computers, microcontrollers, and microprocessors may be programmed usinglanguages such as assembly, C, C++ or the like. FPGAs, ASICs, and CPLDsmay be programmed using hardware description languages (HDL), such asVHSIC hardware description language (VHDL) or Verilog, which mayconfigure connections between internal hardware modules with lesserfunctionality on a programmable device. The above-mentioned technologiesmay be used in combination to achieve the result of a functional module.

A non-transitory tangible computer readable media may compriseinstructions executable by one or more processors configured to causeoperations of multi-carrier communications described herein. An articleof manufacture may comprise a non-transitory tangible computer readablemachine-accessible medium having instructions encoded thereon forenabling programmable hardware to cause a device (e.g., a wirelessdevice, wireless communicator, a wireless device, a base station, andthe like) to allow operation of multi-carrier communications describedherein. The device, or one or more devices such as in a system, mayinclude one or more processors, memory, interfaces, and/or the like.Other examples may comprise communication networks comprising devicessuch as base stations, wireless devices or user equipment (wirelessdevice), servers, switches, antennas, and/or the like. A network maycomprise any wireless technology, including but not limited to,cellular, wireless, WiFi, 4G, 5G, any generation of 3GPP or othercellular standard or recommendation, wireless local area networks,wireless personal area networks, wireless ad hoc networks, wirelessmetropolitan area networks, wireless wide area networks, global areanetworks, space networks, and any other network using wirelesscommunications. Any device (e.g., a wireless device, a base station, orany other device) or combination of devices may be used to perform anycombination of one or more of steps described herein, including, forexample, any complementary step or steps of one or more of the abovesteps.

Although examples are described above, features and/or steps of thoseexamples may be combined, divided, omitted, rearranged, revised, and/oraugmented in any desired manner. Various alterations, modifications, andimprovements will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Suchalterations, modifications, and improvements are intended to be part ofthis description, though not expressly stated herein, and are intendedto be within the spirit and scope of the descriptions herein.Accordingly, the foregoing description is by way of example only, and isnot limiting.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: receiving, by a wirelessdevice via a first access network, an indication to modify asingle-access packet data unit (PDU) session to a multi-access PDUsession via a second access network; and sending, by the wireless deviceto a computing device and in response to the indication to modify thesingle-access PDU session to the multi-access PDU session, a parameterindicating that the multi-access PDU session via the second accessnetwork cannot be established for the wireless device.
 2. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the computing device comprises a session managementfunction (SMF).
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: sending,by the wireless device via the first access network and for aregistration process, an indicator of radio capability, and wherein thereceiving the indication to modify the single-access PDU session to themulti-access PDU session further comprises receiving, by the wirelessdevice via the first access network and based on the indicator of radiocapability, the indication to modify the single-access PDU session tothe multi-access PDU session via the second access network.
 4. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the receiving the indication to modify thesingle-access PDU session to the multi-access PDU session comprisesreceiving a session modification command comprising at least one of: anaccess type of the second access network; or an identifier of thesingle-access PDU session.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the sessionmodification command further comprises at least one traffic rule for themulti-access PDU session.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprisingsending, by the wireless device to a session management function (SMF),a session modification command negative acknowledgement that indicates arejection of the indication to modify the single-access PDU session tothe multi-access PDU session via the second access network.
 7. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the parameter indicates that the secondaccess network is not available.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein themethod further comprises determining that the wireless device has noaccess coverage for the second access network.
 9. A method comprising:receiving, by a wireless device via a first access network, anindication to modify a single-access packet data unit (PDU) session to amulti-access PDU session via a second access network; and sending, bythe wireless device to a computing device and in response to theindication to modify the single-access PDU session to the multi-accessPDU session, a parameter indicating that the multi-access PDU sessionvia the second access network can be established for the wirelessdevice.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the computing devicecomprises a session management function (SMF).
 11. The method of claim9, further comprising sending, by the wireless device via the secondaccess network, an indication for registration of the second accessnetwork.
 12. The method of claim 9, further comprising: sending, by thewireless device via the first access network and for a registrationprocess, an indicator of radio capability, wherein the receiving theindication to modify the single-access PDU session to the multi-accessPDU session further comprises receiving, by the wireless device via thefirst access network and based on the indicator of radio capability, theindication to modify the single-access PDU session to the multi-accessPDU session via the second access network.
 13. The method of claim 9,wherein the receiving the indication to modify the single-access PDUsession to the multi-access PDU session comprises receiving a sessionmodification command comprising at least one of: an access type of thesecond access network; or an identifier of the single-access PDUsession.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the session modificationcommand further comprises at least one traffic rule for the multi-accessPDU session.
 15. The method of claim 9, wherein the parameter indicatesthat the second access network is available.
 16. The method of claim 9,wherein the method further comprises determining that the wirelessdevice has access coverage for the second access network.
 17. A methodcomprising: sending, by a base station to a wireless device via a firstaccess network, an indication to modify a single-access packet data unit(PDU) session to a multi-access PDU session via a second access network;receiving, from the wireless device, in response to the indication tomodify the single-access PDU session to the multi-access PDU session, aparameter indicating that the multi-access PDU session via the secondaccess network can be established for the wireless device; and sending,to a computing device, an acknowledgement for modifying thesingle-access PDU session to the multi-access PDU session.
 18. Themethod of claim 17, wherein the acknowledgement comprises a sessionmodification command acknowledgement.
 19. The method of claim 17,wherein the computing device comprises an access and mobility managementfunction (AMF) device.
 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the secondaccess network comprises a non-3GPP access network.
 21. The method ofclaim 17, wherein the sending the indication to modify the single-accessPDU session to the multi-access PDU session comprises sending a sessionmodification command comprising at least one of: an access type of thesecond access network; or an identifier of the single-access PDUsession.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the session modificationcommand further comprises at least one traffic rule for the multi-accessPDU session.
 23. The method of claim 17, wherein the sending theacknowledgement for modifying the single-access PDU session to themulti-access PDU session is based on receiving the parameter indicatingthat the multi-access PDU session via the second access network can beestablished for the wireless device.
 24. The method of claim 17, whereinthe parameter further indicates that the wireless device supports themulti-access PDU session.
 25. The method of claim 17, wherein theparameter indicates at least one of: that the second access network isavailable; or that the wireless device has access coverage for thesecond access network.